Critical bus ranking

Weak bus ranking

Contingency analysis
Power system security concerns
• Undervolatage
• Thermal overloading
• Transient stability/oscillations
• Security limits
• Traditionally power system is a very conservative system. THE INCREASING energy
demands on power systems coupled with a low rate of additional capacity installation
are causing the power systems to be operated close to their security limits . Traditionally,
these limits are associated with the problems of thermal loading and transient stability.
• However, voltage instability has become the limiting constraint for many power
systems. It can be ascribed to the lack of reactive power support
needed to maintain the voltage profile at a specified value
Introduction
• voltage collapse points
• loading margin – The amount of additional load in this direction that
would cause a voltage collapse is called the loading margin
• Voltage stability margin.
-The margin (in terms of load increase) between
the current operating point and the voltage collapse point for a
particular contingency is a commonly used index for voltage
stability analysis.
• dependence of the Jacobian on the operating equilibrium
• If the power flow program has the feature that can monitor dV/dQ
from the Jacobian matrix during the P-V run, these quantities can
provide information on the buses where the collapse will begin. The
bus that has the largest rate of change of the dV/dQ before collapse
(i.e., the “nose”) is the weakest bus (see Section 7 for further
information about locating the weakest bus)
P-V Curve
• P-V analysis is a steady-state tool that develops a curve, which relates
voltage at a bus (or buses) to load within an area or flow across an
interface.
• The system loading and loading margin are measured by the sum of all real
load powers.
• Bus voltages are monitored throughout a range of increased load and real
power flows into a region.
• The nature of voltage collapse is that as power transfers into a well-
bounded region are increased, the voltage profile of that region will
become lower and lower until a point of collapse is reached. The voltages
at specific buses in the region can vary significantly, and some specific bus
voltages could appear acceptable. The point-of-collapse at all buses in the
study region, however, will occur at the same power import level,
regardless of the specific bus voltages.
Contingency screening and ranking
• The purpose of contingency screening and ranking is to rapidly
and accurately determine which contingencies may cause
power system instability according to their severity
• The objective of CS&R is to quickly and accurately select a short list
of critical contingencies from a large list of potential contingencies
and rank them according to their severity
Doubts
• Most of the contingencies are ranked based on the severity it causes
on the power system.Then the preventive control action
is planned for them. But we should consider both severity and
probability for that contingency to happen while judging which
contingency to be taken cared..right?