PHYSICS 2

OPTICS
A PARTICLE
LIGHT

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Light is an electromagnetic wave.
It can travel in free space at velocity c.
Light can
be split
into
different
colors
through
dispersion
MAX PLANCK
PROPOSED WITH ALBERT EINSTEIN THE
WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY PROPERTY OF
LIGHT.

𝐸 = ℎ𝑓
𝐸 = ℎ𝑐/λ
h = Const. 6 = 6.63 x 10^-34 J-s
c = speed of light 2.998x10^8 m/s
λ = wavelength
 EXAMPLE
Calculate the energy of a photon of infrared
light energy at 1.55 micrometers.
PHOTOMETRY
It is the measure
of visible light
based on the
response of the
average human
observer.
 LUMINOUS INTENSITY
Power of the light
source. 𝐹
The amount of light
power emanating
𝐼=
from a point source 𝜔
within a solid angle of Where:
1 steradian. I = luminous intensity (candela)
F = luminous flux (lumen)
Unit: candela ω = solid angle (steradian)
sphere 4π
 ILLUMINANCE
Luminous flux per unit
area. 𝐹
Light level or amount 𝐸=
of light that covers 𝐴
an area of surface.
Unit: Lumen per sq. m Where:
(Lux) E = illumination (lumen/m^2)
F = luminous flux (lumen)
Also called A = area (m^2)
Illumination.
 LUMINANCE
Amount of light
reflected from an
𝐼
object in a specific 𝐵=
direction. 𝐴
Unit: candela per
sq. m (nit) Where:
B = luminance (candela/m^2)
I = luminous intensity (candela)
A = area (m^2)
 EXAMPLE
A light source emits a total luminous flux of 500
lumens. The light is distributed over 30% of the
sphere. What is the luminous intensity from the
light source?
Ans. 132.6 candles
 EXAMPLE
A light source emits a total luminous flux of 2000 lumens.
What is the illuminance at a distance of 1.5m if the light
source is distributed uniformly over a hemisphere?

Ans. 141.47lumens/m^2
 WHEN LIGHT HITS A
NON-LUMINOUS
SMOOTH OBJECT,
LIGHT BOUNCES OFF
IN A SPECIFIC
DIRECTION.
LAW OF REFLECTION
The change in
direction and
speed of light
when light
travels to a
different
medium.
 INDEX OF REFRACTION
Material n The ratio of the speed
Water 1.33 of light in free space
to the speed of light
Glass 1.50 in the actual medium.
Quartz Crystal 1.54
Glycerin 1.47 𝑐
Alcohol 1.36 𝑛=
Silicon 3.40
𝑣
Gallium Arsenide 2.60
LAW OF REFRACTION
𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
 EXAMPLE
What is the angle of refraction of light as a
beam of parallel light enters a block of ice at
angle of incidence of 30°? Use index of
refraction of air and ice as 1.0 and 1.31
respectively.
Ans. 22.44°
 EXAMPLE
A light ray is incident at an angle of 25deg on
one side of a glass plate. At what angle will the
light ray emerges from the other side of the
glass plate? Index of refraction of glass and air
are 1.6 and 1.0 respectively.
Ans. 15.3deg
MIRRORS
PLANE MIRRORS
flat surfaces that can produce an exact replica of the object.

Characteristics:
1.Produce virtual and upright images.
2.Presence of left-right phenomena.
3.Images produced are of the same size as
the object.
4.Images produced have the same distance
as the object.
PLANE MIRROR
Virtual images are always located behind the
mirror where light does not really come from.
CONCAVE MIRRORS
A concave mirror is a
converging mirror and
has a positive focal
length.

𝑓 = 0.5𝑟
CONCAVE MIRRORS CHARACTERISTICS:
Characteristics:
1. As object moves closer, image distance and
image height increases.
2. When object is at the focal point, there is no
image.
3. When object is within the focal point, image is
magnified, upright and virtual.
4. When object is outside the focal point, image
is real and inverted.
5. As the object approaches the mirror, image
height becomes very close to object height.
CONVEX MIRROR
Any incident ray
traveling parallel to the
principal axis on the
way to a convex mirror
will reflect in such a
manner that it’s
extension will pass
through the focal
point.
CONVEX MIRROR CHARACTERISTICS

Characteristics:
1.Field of view is wider.
2.Image is always smaller,
upright and smaller.
3.As the object approaches the
mirror, it becomes larger.
LENS-MIRROR EQUATION
f = focal length is
1 1 1 ( + ) if converging
= + ( - ) if diverging
𝑓 𝑜 𝑖 O = object distance (+)
i = image distance

−𝑖 ℎ𝑖 (+) real (-) virtual

𝑚= = ℎ𝑖 = image height

𝑜 ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑜 = object height
m = magnification
SIGN CONVENTION FOR
MIRRORS
QUANTITY + -

o Always Never

i Real Virtual

f Converging Diverging
(concave) (convex)
m Upright image Inverted image
 EXAMPLE
A 1.5-cm high diamond ring is placed 20 cm
from a concave mirror whose radius of
curvature is 30 cm. what is the size of the
image?
a.2.5 cm
b.-4.5 cm
c.-5.5 cm
d.6.5 cm
 THIN LENSES
PIECES OF GLASS OR OTHER TRANSPARENT MATERIALS SHAPED IN A WAY THAT
LIGHT WOULD EITHER DIVERGE OR CONVERGE TO A SINGLE POINT AFTER
REFRACTION.
CONVEX LENS (CONVERGING)
CONCAVE LENS (DIVERGING)
POWER OF THE LENS
Amount by which the lens can change the
curvature of a wave. It is equivalent to the
reciprocal of the lens’ focal length.
Unit = Diopter (𝑚−1 )

1
𝑃=
𝑓