DIFFERENT TYPES

OF RESEARCH
CHAPTER 2
ACTION RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
DESIGN

CAUSAL DESIGN
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
COHORT DESIGN

EXPLORATORY
DESIGN
CROSS-SECTIONAL
DESIGN
SEQUENTIAL
DESIGN
LONGITUDINAL
DESIGN
MIXED-METHOD
DESIGN
GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH

■SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
■RESEARCH IN THE
HUMANITIES
■ARTISTIC DESIGN
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

■ Research method that seeks to explain naturally occurring

phenomena in the natural world by generating credible
theories.
■ It is systematic process that involves formulating
hypotheses, testing predictions using relevant data and
other scientific methods, and finally coming up with a
theory.
■ This study requires rational and statistical evidence to draw
conclusions.
RESARCH IN THE HUMANITIES

■ Seeks to define the purpose of human existence by

tapping into historical facts and future possibilities.
■ This form of research derive explanations from
human experiences that cannot be simply measured
by facts and figures alone.
ARTISTIC RESEARCH

■ Provides alternative approaches to established concepts by

conducting practical methods as substitutes for fundamental and
theoretical ones.
■ Its main purpose is to expound on the current accepted concepts and
open them for further interpretation.
■ The word “artistic” doesn’t solely refer to the arts but rather the kinds
of approach as a researcher assumes in this type of research.
■ This research generates new knowledge through artistic through
artistic practices such as defining new concepts, creating new
processes, and devising new methods.
RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN

■ This enables the researcher to organize components of his

or her research in an ORDERLY and COHERENT manner.
■ This ensures that the research or the study will effectively
address the topic or the problem.
■ It is also a template for the collection, measurement and
analysis of date.
■ The research problem determines the research design that
will be used in the study.
A well-developed research design enables
the researcher to achieve the following:
■ Clearly identify and describe the research problem or topic, and justify
the selection of the appropriate design to be used.
■ Review and synthesize previous studies and literature related to the
topic
■ Clearly identify hypotheses that are significant to the problem
■ Determine the date necessary to test the hypotheses and explain how
the data will be obtained
■ Describe the methods of analysis that will be used on the data
gathered in order to evaluate the hypotheses of the study.
 EXAMPLES OF
RESEARCH DESIGN
ACTION RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE
DESIGN

CAUSAL DESIGN
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
COHORT DESIGN

EXPLORATORY
DESIGN
CROSS-SECTIONAL
DESIGN
SEQUENTIAL
DESIGN
LONGITUDINAL
DESIGN
MIXED-METHOD
DESIGN
Action Research

■ This research design follows a cyclical process.

– Researcher identifies the problem
– Determines a plan of action to address it
– The action plan is implemented
– The data is gathered to determine the effects of the action
implemented
– The information gathered during the implementation phase is
analysed and evaluated in order to gain a better understanding of
the problem and determine the effectiveness of the solution
implemented
Action Research

■ Action research is pragmatic and solution-driven and

any information gathered is used to identify and
implement a solution to the problem
■ This design is appropriate for community-based
situations.
■ It requires a researcher to directly relate with his or
her subjects in the community.
Causal Design

■ This research explores how a specific change

impacts a certain situation.
■ This research design employs hypotheses that seek
to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between
variables.
■ Essentially, this research design seeks to determine
whether variable X caused Y
Descriptive Design

■ This design answers who, what, when, where

and how questions related to a particular
research problem. This design is used to
obtain information about the present situation
to gain an understanding of a certain
phenomena.
Experimental Design

■ In this design, the researcher controls the

factors and variables related to a certain
phenomena and tries to change or
manipulate one or several factors to
determine the possible effects.
Exploratory Design

■ This research focuses on topics or problems which

have a little or no studies done about them.
■ The purpose of this design is to gain information and
insight that can be used for later researches.
■ This design is often used to determine which
method or approach to use for certain topic or
problem.
Cohort Design

■ This research identifies a group of people sharing

common characteristics who are then studied for a
period of time.
■ The researcher seeks to identify how these groups
are affected by certain factors or changes and
relates the information gathered to the research
topic or problem.
Cross-Sectional Design

■ This research design looks into large group of

people, composed of individuals with varied
characteristics.
■ The researcher seeks to determine how these
individuals are affected by certain. variable or
change and gathers data at a specific period of time
Longitudinal Design

■ This research follows a group of people over a long period of

time.
■ Throughout the period of study, observations are made on
the group to track changes overtime and identify factors
that may have caused them.
■ This design also explores causal relationship over time and
determines how long these relationship last and the extent
of their effects on the group being studied.
Sequential Design

■ This research is carried out in stages to gather sufficient

data to test the hypothesis.
■ This design is often combined with cohort or cross-sectional
study as it identifies a specific group for each stage.
■ At the end of each stage, the data is collected and
evaluated.
■ If there is insufficient data, the researcher then proceed to
the next stage with a new group of subjects.
Mixed-Method Design

■ This research combines aspects of various

research designs and methods.
■ It primarily combines qualitative and
quantitative research methods to gain
complete picture of the research problem and
gather data that will fully determine the validity
of the hypothesis.