TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

OF ANY ANGLE – PART I

Mr. Thauvette
IB DP SL Mathematics
Objectives (Parts I – IV)
 Find angles that are coterminal with a given angle and
find the complement and the supplement of a given
angle.
 Determine the six trigonometric function values for any
angle in standard position when the coordinates of a
point on the terminal side are given.
 Find the function values for any angle whose terminal
side lies on an axis.
 Find the function values for an angle whose terminal
side makes an angle of 300, 450, or 600 with the x-
axis.
 Use the GDC to find function values and angles
Angles, Rotations, and Degree Measure

An angle is a familiar figure in the world around us.

An angle is the union of two rays with a common endpoint called the
vertex.

In trigonometry, we often think of an angle as a rotation. To do so,

think of locating a ray along the positive x-axis with its endpoint at
the origin. This ray is called the initial side of the angle.
Positive and Negative Rotation

A rotation counterclockwise is a positive rotation, and a rotation

clockwise is a negative rotation.

The ray at the end of the rotation is called the terminal side of the
angle. The angle formed is said to be in standard position.
Coterminal Angles

If two or more angles have the same terminal side, the angles are
said to be coterminal.

To find angles coterminal with a given angle, we add or subtract

multiples of 3600.

Example 1
Find two positive and two negative angles that are coterminal with
(a) 510 and (b) –70.
 Example 1.(a)

(a) We add and subtract multiples

of 3600. Many answers are
possible.

Thus angles of measure 4110,

11310, –3090, and –6690 are
coterminal with 510
Example 1.(b)

(b) We have the following:

–70 + 3600 = 3530, –70 + 2(3600) = 7130,

–70 – 3600 = –3670, –70 – 10(3600) = – 36070

Thus angles of measure 3530, 7130, –3670, and –36070 are

coterminal with –70.
Classification of Angles

Angles can be classified by their measures, as seen in the following

figure.
Complementary and Supplementary

Recall that two acute angles are complementary if their sum is 900.
For example, angles that measure 100 and 800 are complementary
Because 100 + 800 = 900.

Two positive angles are supplementary if their sum is 1800. For

Example, angles that measure 450 and 1350 are supplementary
Because 450 + 1350 = 1800.
Example 2

Find the complement and the supplement of 71.460.

Solution We have

900 – 71.460 = 18.540, 1800 – 71.460 = 108.540

Thus the complement of 71.460 is 18.540 and the supplement is

108.540.
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
OF ANY ANGLE – PART II
Mr. Thauvette
IB DP SL Mathematics
Trigonometric Functions of Angles or
Rotations
Many applied problems in trigonometry
Involve the use of angles that are not acute.
Thus we need to extend the domains of the
trigonometric functions to angles, or rotations,
of any size.

To do this, we first consider a right

triangle with one vertex at the origin of
a coordinate system and one vertex on
the positive x-axis.
Unit Circle
The other vertex is at P, a point on the circle whose center is at the
origin and whose radius r is the length of the hypotenuse of the
triangle. This triangle is a reference triangle for angle q , which is in
standard position.

Note that y is the length of the side

opposite q and x is the length of the
side adjacent to q .
Recall that the primary trigonometric functions of angle q are defined
as follows:

Since x and y are the coordinates of the

point P and the length of the radius is the
length of the hypotenuse, we can also
define these functions as follows:
We will use these definitions for functions of angles of any measure.
The following figures show angles whose terminal sides lie in quadrants
II, III, and IV.
Summary
The signs of the function values in each
quadrant
Example 3.

Find the six trigonometric function values for each angle shown.
Example 3. (a)

Solution
(a) We first determine r, the distance from the origin (0, 0) to the
point (–4, –3). The distance between (0, 0) and any point (x, y) on
the terminal side of the angle is

Substituting –4 for x and –3 for y, we find

Continued on next slide

 Example 3. (a)

Solution
Using the definitions of the trigonometric functions, we can now find
The function values of q . We substitute –4 for x, –3 for y, and
5 for r:

As expected, the tangent and the cotangent values are positive and
the other four are negative. This is true for all angles in quadrant III.
Example 3. (b)

Solution
(b) We first determine r, the distance from the point (1, –1): to the

Substituting 1 for x, –1 for y, and 2 for r, we find

Example 3.(c)

Find the six trigonometric function values for the angle shown.
Example 3. (c)

Solution

( )
(c) We determine r, the distance from the point 1, 3 :

Substituting –1 for x, 3 for y, and 2 for r, we find the trigonometric

function values of q are
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
OF ANY ANGLE – PART III
Mr. Thauvette
IB DP SL Mathematics
The Six Functions Related

When we know one of the function values of an angle, we can find

the other five if we know the quadrant in which the terminal side lies.

The procedure is to:

• Sketch a reference triangle in the appropriate quadrant

• Use the Pythagorean theorem as needed to find the lengths of its
sides
• Find the ratios of the sides

Example 4. Given that tanq = - 2 and q is in the second quadrant,

Find the other function values. 3
Example 4.

Solution We first sketch a second quadrant angle. Since

Terminal Side on an Axis

An angle whose terminal side falls on one of the axes is a

quadrantal angle. One of the coordinates of any point on that side
is 0. The definitions of the trigonometric functions still apply, but in
some cases, function values will not be defined because a
denominator will be 0.

Example 5. Find the sine, cosine, and tangent values for 900,
1800, 2700, and 3600.
Example 5.

Continued on next slide

Example 5.

Continued on next slide

Example 5.
In Example 5, all the values can be found using a GDC, but you will
find that it is convenient to be able to compute them mentally. It is
also helpful to note that coterminal angles have the same function
values. For example, 00 and 3600 are coterminal; thus, sin 00 = 0,
cos 00 = 1, and tan 00.

Example 6. Find each of the following

(a) sin (–900) (b) csc 5400

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
OF ANY ANGLE – PART IV
Mr. Thauvette
IB DP SL Mathematics
Reference Angles: 0
30 , 450 & 600
Example 7. Find the sine, cosine, and tangent function values for each
of the following.

(a) 2250 (b) –7800

Continued on next slide

Example 7. (a)
Example 7. (b)
Function Values for Any Angle
Example 8

Example 8. Find each of the following function values using a

calculator to 3 significant figures.

Solution Using a calculator set in DEGREE mode, we find the values.

a) cos1120 » -0.375

b) sec 500 0 = 1
0
» -1.31
cos500
Example 8.

( )
c) tan -83.4 0 » -8.64

d) csc351.750 = 1
0
» -6.97
sin351.75
e) cos24000 = -0.5

f) sin1750 40'9'' » 0.0755

( )
g) cot -1350 = 1
=1
tan (-135 )
0
Example 9.
Given the function value and the quadrant restriction, find q .

1800 – 16.330 = 1640

Example 9.(b)

3600 – 80.850 = 2790