Different types of tapes

Different types of tapes

Simple Clinometer
 Distance Measurement

Direct Indirect
(length measurement) (distance measurement)
eg measuring tape

Geometrical Electronic
(Optical) (Wave Physics)
Principle of operation:

Velocity = distance / time

 Electronic Distance Measurement
(EDM)
• Distance Measurement by Electronic method.
• Based on Hard-wired algorithm.
• Relay on Propagation, Reflection and
subsequent reception of electro-magnetic Wave
 Electromagnetic Energy
1. Electromagnetic energy or electromagnetic
radiation (EMR) is the energy propagated in the
form of an advancing interaction between
electric and magnetic fields.
2. EMR is a dynamic form of energy that
propagates as wave motion at a velocity
of c = 3 x 1010 cm/sec.
3. The parameters that characterize a wave motion
are wavelength (λ), frequency (ν) and velocity (c).
 Electromagnetic Energy
Cycle : When the wave moves through two identical
points on its path, it is said to have completed one
cycle.
Wavelength (λ): It is the length traversed in x-direction
by the wave when it is complete one cycle.
Frequency (f) : The number of cycles completed by the
wave in one second is called frequency (f).
Period (T) : It is the time taken by the wave to travel
through one cycle a distance equal one wave length.
 Electronic Distance Measurement
(EDM)
• Current EDM’s use either infrared (light
waves) or microwaves (radio waves)
• Microwaves require transmitters/receivers at
both ends
• Infrared use a transmitter at one end and a
reflecting prism at the other and are generally
used more frequently.
• EDM is very useful in measuring distances that are
difficult to access or long distances.
• It measures the time required for a wave to sent to a
target and reflect back.

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ERT 247-GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
 Principles of EDM

Operation:
A wave is transmitted and the
returning wave is measured to
find the distance traveled.

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 Basic Principles of EDM
• Distance from measurement of transit time.
• Measurement of distance from phase
difference.
Distance from measurement of transit
time.
• The time taken to travel from one point
(transmitter) to another point (receiver) is
called transit time.
Distance (D)= Velocity(V)*(time)
Distance from measurement of transit
time.
• The time taken to travel from one point
(transmitter) to another point (receiver) is
called transit time.
Distance (D)= Velocity(V)*(time)
 Principles of EDM

Transmitted Energy

Returned Energy

ERT 247-GEOMATICS ENGINEERING 21

Measurement of distance from phase
difference.
• The phase difference is equal to the difference
of the phase angle of the reflected signal and
the phase angle of transmitted signal.