FM-1,L # 02

FM-1,L # 01

Fluid Mechanics-1
Hydrostatic
Chapter # 02
Collected by
Prof: Abdul Samad
Mechanical Engineering department.
2017 1
 Pressure Measurement
• Pressure
Pressure = Force/Area
Units of force per unit area

• Pressure measurements.
– All pressure measurements are relative
measurements.
– The measurement of a pressure at a point is relative
to, or referred to, a reference pressure.
 Pressure References
• Absolute Pressure:
– Measured relative to a zero pressure or a
perfect vacuum.
• Gauge Pressure:
– Measured relative to the local ambient
pressure.
• Differential Pressure:
– Measured pressure between two point.
 Pressure Conversions
• 1 atmosphere (atm)
• 760 mm of Mercury (mm Hg)
• 760 torr
• 101325 Pascal (Pa)
• 101.325 Kilopascal (kPa)
• 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi)
• 29.92 inches of Mercury (in Hg)
 Barometer

faculty.uncfsu.edu/dautrey/CHEM%20140/chapter10-notes.ppt
 Mercury Barometer
• Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure
 2.4 Manometers
A manometer
Is a tube bent in the form of a U containing a fluid of known
specific gravity. The difference in elevations of the liquid
surfaces under pressure indicates the difference in pressure
at the two ends.

Two types of manometers:

1. An open manometer: has one end open to atmospheric
pressure and is capable of measuring the gage pressure
in a vessel.
2. A differential manometer: connects each end to a
different pressure vessel and is capable of measuring the
pressure difference between the two vessels.
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Manometer
 Manometers
• Manometers are one of the oldest
pressure measuring devices.
Manometers

FOR POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PRESSURE PRINCIPLE

h h

a b c
a b c
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Single-reading manometer A differential manometer
installed in a flow - measured system

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A simple step-by-step procedure for pressure computation
Step1: Make a sketch of the manometer system
approximately to scale.

Step 2: Draw a horizontal line at the level of the lower surface

of the manometer liquid, M. The pressure at points 1 and
2 must be the same since the system is in static
equilibrium.

Step 3:
a) For open manometers
P2 = P1
gM.h = gW.y + PA

PA = gM.h - gW.y

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A simple step-by-step procedure for pressure computation

b) For a differential manometers

P2 = P1
gM.h + gw .(y - h) + PB = gW.y + PA

DP = PA – PB = h (gM - gw )

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• The liquid used in a manometer is usually heavier than the
fluids to be measured. It must not mix with the adjacent
liquids (i.e., immiscible liquids).

• The most used liquids are:

- Mercury (specific gravity = 13.6),
- Water (sp. gr. = 1.00),
- Alcohol (sp. gr. = 0.9), and
- Other commercial manometer oils of various specific
gravities.

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 Manometer

U-tube Manometer
Inclined Manometer
• ]

faculty.uncfsu.edu/dautrey/CHEM%20140/chapter10-notes.ppt
 ‫ﷲ ﻮﺍﻫﻲ‬

Questions are invited

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