Stem cell

Stem Cell
PREPARED BY:
TORRES,
PREPARED BY:NICA N.
PIANO,
TORRES, CHARISSA
NICA N. MAE P.
DAO-WAN,
PIANO, BLESSY
CHARISSA MAE JANE
P. F.
PIEDAD,BLESSY
DAO-WAN, MAUREEN
JANEJANE
F. B.
CABANTING,
PIEDAD, MAUREENGIZZELLE
JANE B. P
CABANTING, GIZZELLE P
Introducing….stem cells!
What are stem cells?

• the body is made up of about 200 different kinds of

specialised cells such as muscle cells, nerve cells, fat cells
and skin cells
• all cells in the body come from stem cells
• a stem cell is a cell that is not yet specialised
• the process of specialisation is called differentiation
• once the differentiation pathway of a stem cell has been
decided, it can no longer become another type of cell on
its own
Why are stem cells special?
Stem cells can:
• self-renew to make more
stem cells
• differentiate into a
specialised cell type

Stem cells that can become many Stem cells that can become
types of cells in the body are only a few types of cells are
called pluripotent called multipotent

Embryonic stem cells (pluripotent) Tissue stem cells (multipotent)

Tissue stem cells
• often known as adult stem cells
• also includes stem cells isolated from fetal and cord blood
• reside in most tissues of the body where they are involved
in repair and replacement

Bone marrow Kidney Lung

• generally very difficult to isolate

• already used to treat patients (haematological malignancies,
diseases of the immune system)
 Where do embryonic stem cells
come from?
• Donated excess IVF embryos Inner cell mass

egg fertilised 2-cell 8-cell blastocyst

egg

Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 6

Images from www.advancedfertility.com

Embryonic stem cells
 derived from donated IVF
embryos
 can be grown indefinitely in
the laboratory in an
unspecialised state
 retain ability to specialise into
many different tissue types –
know as pluripotent
human embryonic stem cells
 can restore function in animal
models following
transplantation

Human embryonic stem cells can become any

cell in the body including these beating heart
cells
What about cloning? Has that got anything to
do with stem cell research?
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer – cloning to make Reproductive Cloning
stem cells (therapeutic cloning)

Human cloning is banned in

Dolly the Sheep

Australia and many countries
around the world.

Snuppy the Puppy

Induced pluripotent stem cells
Starting cells from
donor tissue
 derived from adult cells in
2007 - very recent discovery!
 can be grown indefinitely in
culture in an undifferentiated
state
Induced change in
gene expression  similar properties to
embryonic stem cells as can
iPS Cells
differentiate into many
different tissue types –
pluripotent
 can create stem cells directly
from a patient for research
pluripotent
stem cells
 Using stem cells to conduct medical
research and treat disease is
acceptable?
 Don’t know 3% Biotechnology
Australia –
 No Community
5%
Attitudes to
 Yes Biotechnology
92*% (2007)

* Compares to 80% in 2005 survey

But which type of stem cells?
- pluripotent stem cells (embryonic, SCNT, iPS stem cells)
- tissue stem cells (foetal, cord, adult)
Do you approve of the extraction of
stem cells from human embryos for
medical research?
 Don’t know
5%

 No
13% Roy Morgan
Poll (2006)
 Yes

82%
What makes stem cells so valuable?

Cell Therapy
Pluripotent Tissue
stem cells stem cells

Research

New Drugs

Modified from Keller & Snodgrass, Nat Med 1999

No one stem cell type fits all applications.

Research must continue using all types of stem cells.
THE END.