Rectifier

AC-DC Converter
Rectifier
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Overview of single-phase and three-phase Uncontrolled
and controlled Rectifiers,
Effect of
• DC-Bus Capacitor on rectifier operation
• input stray inductance and
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

single phase full wave controlled rectifiers with RL load
Full-wave Bridge converter Full-wave Fully-controlled converter
 Rectifying diodes in ① experience twice

the reverse voltage, (2 √2Vs), as that
experienced by each of the four diodes in
the circuit of ③, (√ 2 Vs).
Full-wave mid-point converter
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed
single phase full wave controlled rectifiers with RL load
e
RL load RL
valu l oad
c e wi
c tan th
ndu l arg
o wi ei
nd
i thl uct
w a nc e
load .
RL
Discontinuous load current operation Continuous load current operation
The load current is discontinuous for Generally the load current is continuous for
low values of load inductance and for large load inductance and for low trigger
large values of trigger angles. Dr. Oday A.angles.
Ahmed
Discontinuous load current operation
The load current flowing through T1 T4would

not fall to zero at ωt=π, when vs starts to
become negative (due to magnetic field in the
inductor).
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed
average and RMS output voltage
RMS output voltage H.W
Comparison between Vdc for half and full wave controlled rectifier
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

load current
half wave controlled rectifier full wave controlled rectifier
If L value is not very large, the energy stored in its able to maintain the
load current only up to ωt=β, where π <β< 2π
From above function the average and RMS load current can be found:
The RMS load current:
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Continuous Load Current Operation
The RMS thyristor current can be

calculated as
The average thyristor current can be
calculated as
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

control characteristic of a single phase full
wave controlled rectifier with RL load
Rectification Mode Inversion Mode
For α> 900 the power flows from the load circuit to the input ac source.
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Rectifiers with RL load and Freewheeling Diode
With a RL load it was observed that the average output voltage reduces. This disadvantage
can be overcome by connecting a diode across the load
Half-wave controlled Rec. Full-Wave with DCM operation Full-Wave with CCM
operation
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Full-Wave fully-Controlled Rectifier with FWD
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Full-Wave Half-Controlled Rectifier with FWD
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Full-Wave Half-Controlled Rectifier with FWD
D1 T 1 D2 D3 D4 D1
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier circuit with a C-filter
The capacitor reduces the ripple voltage, so large voltage-polarised

capacitance is used to produce an almost constant dc output voltage
Vs rises
Supply provides load and simultaneously

charges the capacitor
charging current period
capacitor voltage > Vs
At ωt= β, D1-D2/D3-D4 OFF
capacitor supplies the load current
voltage decreases with an R-C

time constant until ωt = π +α
The average voltage
α: The start of diode conduction,
β: The diode current extinction angle

Θc :diode conduction period= β-α
The capacitor charging current

period θc around the ac supply
extremes is short, giving a high
peak to rms ratio of diode and
supply current.
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

The average voltage
Diodes conducting Diodes non-conducting
α ≤ ωt ≤ β β ≤ ωt ≤ π+α
vo(ωt) vo(ωt)
Vm sinωt
See
Next
Page
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

The output voltage for (β ≤ ωt ≤ π+α) can be found as:
During all diodes

are turned off C
supply the
required current.
Taking LT:
By simplifying the above equation:
Taking LTI:
D = c+ R at ωt= β, o=0
β ≤ ωt ≤ π+α
=+ for (β ≤ ωt ≤ π+α)
The average voltage
=-
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

The Output voltage Ripple
The maximum output voltage occurs at
Vm
The minimum output voltage occurs at
output peak-to-peak ripple voltage
Δvo= Vm ‫ــــ‬ = (1-)

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed
The Output voltage Ripple
Sine voltage
start and exp
At ωt = π+α voltage end
both at the
same value.
vo(ωt)=vo(π+α)=Vm sin(π+α)
Vm sin(π+α)
The two equation sides gives maximum value when α and =0.5π
=Vm =Vmsin = Vmsin 0.5π=Vm
Δvo=Vm- Δvo=
The average capacitor current is zero
the average diode current is the same

D c+ R, o= D ,
as the average load current because
Since the diode is on for a short time in each cycle, the peak diode current is generally
much larger than the average diode current
Dc + R,
D R
Peak current occurs when the diode turns on
The source current equal to diode current

Example
A single-phase, full-wave, diode rectifier is supplied from a 230V ac, 50Hz voltage source
and uses a capacitor output filter, 1000µF, with a resistor 100Ω load. Ignoring diode voltage
drops and assume the diode start conducting at 66.5 degree, determine:
Expressions for the output voltage
output voltage ripple ∆vo and the % error
Expressions for the capacitor current
Diode peak current
The average load voltage and current
Assuming the output ripple voltage is triangular, estimate:
The average output voltage and rms output ripple voltage

Capacitance C for ∆ vo = 2% of the maximum output voltage
SOLUTION
Expressions for the output voltage
(-31.416)=91.8 deg
output voltage ripple ∆vo and the % error
The approximation voltage ripple
Expressions for the capacitor current
for (β ≤ ωt ≤ π+α)
as shown in page 34
Diode peak current
The average load voltage and current

the output ripple voltage is triangular
The average output voltage and rms output ripple voltage
vo Vopeak
0.5∆vo
Average voltage
ripple voltage ∆vo
Average Voltage= Vopeak+0.5∆vo =Vm+ 0.5∆vo
Where ∆vo obtained in step 2 =26.9V

Capacitance C for ∆ vo = 2% of the maximum output voltage
Δvo=
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed
Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier circuit with input stray inductance
It’s shown that
Tl and T2 are fired outgoing SCRs T3 and T4 get turned off due to the
application of reverse voltage and the current shifts to SCRs T l and T2
instantaneously.
This is possible only if the voltage source has

no internal impedance.
If the source impedance is

Rs→ IoRs voltage drop occur
→ Vo(dc) reduced by IoRs
the source impedance could be consist of internal resistance R s and stray inductance Ls
T1 , T2 are triggered at a firing angle α
the commutation of already conducting

T3, T4 begins
Due to Ls
the current via outgoing devices T3, T4

decreases gradually to zero from its
initial value of io
whereas in incoming SCRs T1, T2 ;

the current builds up gradually from
zero to full value of io
Overlap Period
During overlap period μ:
the full-bridge equivalent circuit during this period is look like the following circuit:
The current flow via Ls, T1, Load, and T2

The current flow via T3, load, T4, and Ls
At beginning of μ , Ls stored energy by i2, while

then realise energy by i1
By applying KVL for abcda loop:

output voltage with overlap period
Vo without overlap is equal to:
The maximum DC voltage occur at α=00. Thus,
output voltage with overlap period

From load current equation
μ can be obtained
Substitute
It can be seen from equation above that the

voltage drop due to Ls, is proportional to Io and
L s.
for μ<π, Vo is reduces due to Ls, for μ=π, Vo=0V since all SCRs are conducting.
The maximum value of firing angle can be (1800- μ).

Example
A fully-controlled rectifier is supplied at 230V,50Hz. The supply source inductance is 3mH.

Neglecting resistance voltage drop, obtain the overlap angle when the converter is
operating at a firing angle of 30deg and supplying a load current of 10A. Determine also the
load voltage.
Solution
overlap angle
The load current is given by:
α= 30deg Vm= Ls=3mH ω=2π Io=10 Μ=2.15deg
the load voltage
Vo=
Three-Phase
Rectifier
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

The single phase controlled rectifiers provide a maximum dc output of
The single phase full wave controlled rectifiers provide two output pulses during
every input supply cycle and hence still the output voltage has low DC value and
high voltage ripple.
voltage ripple
3-Phase Rectifier is prefer upon 1-Phase Rectifier
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Why 3-Phase Rectifier is prefer upon 1-Phase Rectifier?
 Higher DC voltage.
 Better input power factor pf.
 Less ripple content in output current; therefore better load performance.
 Lower size of filter circuit parameters because of higher ripple frequency.
What is the output ripple frequency of single-phase rectifier?
The output ripple frequency is equal to the

twice the ac supply frequency.
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

3-Phase Rectifier Classifications
Three-phase rectifiers
Three-phase mid-
Three-phase half- Three-phase bridge Three-phase 12-
point 6-pulse
wave rectifier rectifier pulse rectifier
rectifier
Rectifier Refer to Uncontrolled and Controlled AC-DC Converters
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

How to Sketch Three phase waveforms?
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

How to Sketch Three phase waveforms?
Va Vb Vc
Vm
0.5Vm
600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
-0.5Vm
-Vm
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Three phase voltages relations
The input voltage Va, Vb, Vc are defined as:
Va= Vmpsin t
Vb= Vmpsint(ωt-1200)
Vc= Vmpsint(ωt+1200)
I. 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER
Half-Wave Diode rectifier
Half-Wave SCR rectifier
A transformer having a star connected secondary is required for neutral access, N.

3-PHASE Full-Bridge
CONVERTER
three phase full converter is

extensively used in industrial
power applications up to about
120kW output power level,
where two quadrant operation is
required.
no neutral wire is required

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed
R-Load
Va Vb Vc
Vm
D1 D2 D3
0.5Vm
600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
-0.5Vm
-Vm
D3
T
The voltage applied to D3 > that applied on D1 and D2, thus D3 will conduct and connect
source to the load
R-Load
α<30° α α
Va Vb Vc
Vm
T1 T2 T3
0.5Vm T3
600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
-0.5Vm
-Vm
T1 T2 T3
R-Load
α≥30° α α
Va Vb Vc
Vm
T1 T2 T3
0.5Vm T3
600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
-0.5Vm
-Vm
T1 T2 T3
I. 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER Summary
R-Load
Vor
α≥30°
RL-Load
α<30° α α
Va Vb Vc
Vm
T1 T2 T3
0.5Vm T3
600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
-0.5Vm
-Vm
T1 T2 T3
RL-Load
For firing angle α<30° the same

equations for Vo(dc) and Vo(rms) when
α<30° with R-Load
RL-Load
α=30° α α
Va Vb Vc
Vm
T1 T2 T3
0.5Vm T3
600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
-0.5Vm
-Vm
T1 T2 T3
RL-Load
For firing angle α=30° the same

equations for Vo(dc) and Vo(rms) when
α>30° with R-Load
RL-Load
for 30°<α<90°, Vo(dc) and Vo(rms) are different based on new ωt range
α=60° α α
Va Vb Vc
Vm
T1 T2 T3
0.5Vm T3
600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
-0.5Vm
-Vm
T1 T2 T3
RL-Load
For firing angle 30°<α<90°, the

same equations for Vo(dc) and Vo(rms)
when α<30° with R-Load
RL-Load
α=90° α α
Vm
T1 T2 T3
0.5Vm T3
600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
-0.5Vm
-Vm
T1 T2 T3
Average Voltage At α=90° Vo(dc)=0V

RL-Load
with FWD, Vo(dc) will be look like when R-load

used for α≥30°
RL-Load
Beyond α>90° or between 90°<α<180° Vo(dc) is negative, three- phase 3-pulse converter
operates as a line-commutated inverter
The same equations for

Vo(dc) and Vo(rms) when
α<30° with R-Load can
be used here but the
Vo(dc) is negative.
For example: at α=120°, Vo(dc)=

0.827Vmpcos1200 = -0.414Vmp
Controlled converter mode
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

3-PHASE Full-Bridge
CONVERTER
three phase full converter is

extensively used in industrial
power applications up to about
120kW output power level,
where two quadrant operation is
required.
no neutral wire is required

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed
I. 3-PHASE Full BRIDGE CONVERTER
T1, T3, and T5, forming positive group, would

conduct when these experience the highest
positive voltage and positive firing angle is
applied.
SCRs T4, T6, and T2 would conduct when these are

subjected to the most negative voltage and positive
firing angle is applied.
SCRs must be triggers so that insure 120° between phases
Firing α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6
angle
ωt 0° 60° 120° 180° 240° 360°
SCR T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Two SCRs should be conducted every 60°

SCRs at the same leg must don’t conduct at
the same time
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

SCRs at the same terminal must don’t conduct at the
same time
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

T1, T2 conducted
T1, T6 conducted
Vab Vac
Vba
Vbc
T3, T4 conducted T3, T2 conducted
For each mode line voltage is applied across the load
Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed
How to Sketch Three phase line waveforms?
1.7
Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb
0.866 Va Vb Vc
-0.866
-1.7
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Note
It should be understood that the voltage applied to the SCRs which change the SCRs
state is the line voltage.
1.7 Line
Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vcb voltage
Vca
ahead
phase
0.866 Va Vb Vc voltage
by 30 deg
-0.866
-1.7
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

R-Load
α =0° (Diode Behaviour)
α=0° Va Vb Vc
ωt
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Notes
• line voltage is appears across the load (Vab, Vac, Vbc , Vba ,
Vca ,Vcb ) changes between two different phases every 600.
• But still each SCR is conduct for 1200 like in 3-phase HWR.
• Vodc is higher than of HWR,
• output voltage ripple amplitude is lower, just equal to

0.2Vml and
• ripple frequency =6f

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed
I. 3-PHASE Full BRIDGE CONVERTER R-Load
α≤60°
α=60°
Va Vb Vc
T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
R-Load
α≤60°
Average voltage
RMS voltage
PIV of three-phase Full-Bridge with R Load
α=60°
Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca Vcb
PIV
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Notes For any α≤60° the output current continues and no zero voltage is appear in
the output voltage.
α=20°
α=50°
R-Load
α>60°

α=90°
Va Vb Vc
T5 T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
R-Load
α>60°
Average voltage
RMS voltage
Notes
At α=120° only one SCR is conducting then
Vodc=0V
T5 T6 T1 T2 T3 T4
After 150 line voltage will be -ve apply reverse polarity to the SCRs
Notes for any firing angle >60° the output current is
discontinuous and the output voltage waveform
has zero value
T1
T1 T2
T5 T6 T3 T4
T6
3-PHASE Full-Bridge
CONVERTER FED with RL
load
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

RL-Load
α≤60°
α=30°
α=30°
RL-Load R-Load
For heavy inductive load, the RMS and DC output voltage equation are
same one shown in R-Load for α≤60° .
RL-Load
α≤60°
α=50° α=60°
For heavy inductive load, the RMS and DC output voltage equation are
same one shown in R-Load for α≤60° .
RL-Load
α>60°
α=70°
Due to the magnetic field a high voltage is induced across the inductor
in the direction required to keep the current flowing. This results in
negative voltage appearing across a RL load.
RL-Load
α>60°
T5 T1 T2
T6 T3 T4
At α=90° the DC output voltage is equal to zero

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed
RL-Load
α>60°
T5 T T1 T2 T3 T4
6
at α=120° the output voltage is negative
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

RL-Load
For firing angle α ≤ 60° and α>60° the same

equations for Vo(dc) and Vo(rms) when α ≤ 60° with
R-Load but with –ve values for α>60°
Average voltage
RMS voltage
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Impact of Source Inductance on three-Phase Bridge Rectifier Operation
Incoming SCR Outgoing SCR

due to source inductance (or leakage
inductance of input transformer) the effect
of overlap appears between incoming and
outgoing SCRs.
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

at ωt= 300, T5 is outgoing SCR and T1

is incoming SCR and both T5 T1
belong to positive group. Once T1
triggered the current via T5 decaying
while current via T1 is build up
During this period μ, the rectifier can be

represented as
300 to (300+ μ), three SCR are conducts: T1, T5, and T6.
After the commutation of positive group is
completed ; only two S CRs conduct , one from the
positive group and the other from the negative group
.
Conduction of various thyristors are

5-6,5-6-1,6-1,6-1-2,1- 2,1-2-3,2-3,2-3-4,3-4, 3-4-5, 4-5, ,4-5- 6, 5-6
circulating current, i,
flows between the two
thyristors.
output voltage during

commutation, is mid-way
between the conducting phase
voltages
α=0°
Conduction of various thyristors are
5-6,5-6-1,6-1,6-1-2,1- 2,1-2-3,2-3,2-3-4,3-4, 3-4-5, 4-5, ,4-5- 6, 5-6
And so on
load voltage of three-phase half-wave rectifier for different delay angles
three SCR are conducts
For Rectification mode overlap effect applicable for any α provided μ<60 0.
The overlap occurs immediately after the delay α.

How to calculate the overlap period:
300 (300+ μ)
average value of fall in output voltage due to overlap:
periodicity of jkl triangular area is every 600

How to calculate the overlap period:
Output voltage with no overlap = internal voltage of the 3-phase full converter
Output voltage with overlap average value of fall in output voltage due to
overlap:
As shown in single-phase rectifier, the load

current can be obtained as
Output voltage with overlap for p-pulse rectifier

NOTES
The effect of source inductance Ls is to reduce the average dc output voltage,
Due to the short circuit that occurred between two phases of source, notching in the
phase voltage is occurred
Notching is repetitive (6 times for one cycle) in the source
voltage
Notching led to produce high harmonics
components in the input source. This results Notching
in harmonics in the voltages of any devices
that are connected in parallel with the
bridge rectifier.
Output capacitor used to improve the DC voltage, but causes high peak input current,
reduce PF, distort the current shape.
While small input inductance, distort the input voltage
Rectifier is the source
of harmonics
Power Factor correction Rectifier
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed
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Dr. Oday A. Ahmed
Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Rectifier

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AC-DC Converter

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

• DC-Bus Capacitor on rectifier operation

• input stray inductance and

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Full-wave Bridge converter Full-wave Fully-controlled converter

 Rectifying diodes in ① experience twice

The load current flowing through T1 T4would

average and RMS output voltage

RMS output voltage H.W

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

half wave controlled rectifier full wave controlled rectifier

The RMS load current:

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

The RMS thyristor current can be

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Rectification Mode Inversion Mode

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Full-Wave fully-Controlled Rectifier with FWD

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Full-Wave Half-Controlled Rectifier with FWD

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Full-Wave Half-Controlled Rectifier with FWD

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

The capacitor reduces the ripple voltage, so large voltage-polarised

Supply provides load and simultaneously

charging current period

capacitor voltage > Vs

At ωt= β, D1-D2/D3-D4 OFF

capacitor supplies the load current

voltage decreases with an R-C

The average voltage

α: The start of diode conduction,

β: The diode current extinction angle

The capacitor charging current

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

Diodes conducting Diodes non-conducting

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

During all diodes

By simplifying the above equation:

The average voltage

Dr. Oday A. Ahmed

The maximum output voltage occurs at

The minimum output voltage occurs at

output peak-to-peak ripple voltage

Δvo= Vm ‫ــــ‬ = (1-)

=Vm =Vmsin = Vmsin 0.5π=Vm

the average diode current is the same

Peak current occurs when the diode turns on

The source current equal to diode current

Assuming the output ripple voltage is triangular, estimate:

The average output voltage and rms output ripple voltage

Expressions for the output voltage

The approximation voltage ripple

Expressions for the capacitor current

Diode peak current

The average load voltage and current

the output ripple voltage is triangular

The average output voltage and rms output ripple voltage

Average Voltage= Vopeak+0.5∆vo =Vm+ 0.5∆vo

Where ∆vo obtained in step 2 =26.9V

Capacitance C for ∆ vo = 2% of the maximum output voltage

It’s shown that