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Timothy W. Chevalier
Umran S. Inan
Timothy F. Bell
March 4, 2008
Stanford MURI Tasks
Scientific Issues:
The sheath surrounding an electric dipole antenna operating in a plasma has
a significant effect on the tuning properties.
Terminal impedance characteristics vary with applied voltage.
Active tuning may be needed.
Stanford has developed a general AIP code to determine sheath effects
on radiation process.
MURI Tasks:
Validation of our AIP code by laboratory experiments using LAPD.
UCLA will provide time measurements of voltage, current and field
patterns for dipole antennas to compare with Stanford model.
Locate sources of error in current model and identify means for
improvement.
Perform LAPD experiments on magnetic loop antennas.
2
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Cold Plasma Electromagnetic Model
3. Current Distribution and Impedance Results
4. Warm Plasma Electrostatic Model
5. Plasma Sheath Results
3
Coupling Regions
Sheath Region
Near field (R ¿ ¸ m i n )
Reactive Energy (ES)
Highly nonlinear
R
Warm Plasma Region
Transition zone (R ¼ ¸ )
Reactive/Radiated Energy (EM &
ES)
Nonlinear effects still important
(Poisson/Maxwell)-Vlasov
· ¸ Formulation
@f F
+ (v ¢r r )f + ¢r v f = 0 F = q( E~ + v £ B~ ) (Lorentz Force)
@t m
P
~ ®
½®
(Poisson) r ¢E = ²
o
( P
~
r £ H = ~® + ² o d E~
J
N dt
(Maxwell) r £ E~ = ¡ ¹ o d H ~
dt
5
Moments of Vlasov Equation
· ¸
@f F
F (v ) = + (v ¢r r )f + ¢r v f
@t m
Nth moment
8
>
> m F (v )dv
ZZZ >
< m v F (v )dv
th
Mn =
>
> m [v ¡ u ] [v ¡ u ] F (v ¡ u )d(v ¡ u )
v >
:
m [v ¡ u ] [v ¡ u ] [v ¡ u ] F (v ¡ u )d(v ¡ u )
6
Fluid Representation of Plasma
Fluid Moments
(0th: mass density) @t (n m ) + r ¢(n m u ) = 0
(1st: momentum).. @t (n m u ) + r ¢(n m u u + P ) ¡ n q (E + u £ B ) = 0
(2nd: pressure)...... @t (P ) + r ¢(u P + Q ) + f P ¢r (u ) + c £ P gs y m = 0
1 sy m
(3 : heat flux)…… @t (Q ) + r ¢(v Q + R ) + f Q ¢r (u ) +
rd c £ Q ¡ P r ¢(P )
nm
g = 0
1. Introduction
2. Cold Plasma Electromagnetic Model
3. Current Distribution and Impedance Results
4. Warm Plasma Electrostatic Model
5. Plasma Sheath Results
8
Cold Plasma Fluid Approximation
Fluid Description:
@t (nm) + r ¢(nmu ) = 0
@t (nmu ) + r ¢(nmu u + P ) ¡ nq (E + u £ B ) = 0
@t (P ) + r ¢(u P + Q ) + f P ¢r (u ) + c £ P gs y m = 0
1 sy m
@t (Q ) + r ¢(vQ + R ) + f Q ¢r (u ) + c £ Q ¡ P r ¢(P ) g = 0
nm
Closure Assumption:
P = nkT = 0
9
Finite Difference Time and Frequency
Domain Techniques (FDTD/FDFD)
Computational Mesh: r £ E~
N
~
¡ ¹ oj ! H
=
¾® = ² o ! p2 (j ! I ¡ ) ¡ 1
0 1
¡ º ¡ ! bz ! by
= @ ! bz ¡ º ¡ ! bx A
¡ ! by ! bx ¡ º
Solves: Ax=B
10
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Cold Plasma Electromagnetic Model
3. Current Distribution and Impedance Results
4. Warm Plasma Electrostatic Model
5. Plasma Sheath Results
Cold Plasma Simulation Setup
12
Current Distribution for 100 m
Antenna in Freespace
¸
L= L¿ ¸
2
13
Current Distributions for 100 m
Antenna at L=2
Excitation frequency: f < fLHR Excitation frequency: f > fLHR
14
Simulation vs. Theory
L=2 L=3
15
Conclusions Based upon Cold
Plasma Approximation
16
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Cold Plasma Electromagnetic Model
3. Current Distribution and Impedance Results
4. Warm Plasma Electrostatic Model
5. Plasma Sheath Results
Warm Plasma Fluid Approximation
Constant Voltage
Poisson’s PEquation
½®
r ¢E~ = ®
²o
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Outline
1. Introduction
2. Cold Plasma Electromagnetic Model
3. Current Distribution and Impedance Results
4. Warm Plasma Electrostatic Model
5. Plasma Sheath Results
Warm Plasma Simulation Setup
(2-D)
Computational Domain:
Antenna Properties
Length: Infinite in z-direction
Diameter: 10 cm
Position: Equatorial Plane
Plasma Properties
L=2: L=3:
N = 2e9 #/m3 N = 1e9 #/m3
fpe = 400 kHz fpe = 284 kHz
Fluid closure relations: fpi = 28 kHz fpi = 20 kHz
Isothermal (2 - moments) fce = 110 kHz fce = 33 kHz
P = nkT fci = 550 Hz fci = 163 Hz
Adiabatic (3 - moments)
mi
Mass ratio: m = 200
r ¢Q = 0 e
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Simulation of Infinite Line Source
22
Simulation of Infinite Line Source
Simulation Properties
25 kHz sinusoid
f>fpi
No magnetic field
Plane of symmetry:
23
Simulation of Infinite Line Source
Simulation Properties
25 kHz sinusoid
f>fpi
No magnetic field
Plane of symmetry:
24
IV Characteristics (Sinusoid)
Non-magnetized
Magnetized
Magnetized
25
IV Characteristics (Pulse)
Non-magnetized
Magnetized
Magnetized
26
Warm Plasma Simulation Setup
(3-D)
Computational Domain: Antenna Properties
Length: 20 m
Gap: 2 m
Diameter: 10 cm
Position: Equatorial Plane
Electron gun (removes charge)
Plasma Properties
L=2: L=3:
N = 2e9 #/m3 N = 1e9 #/m3
fpe = 400 kHz fpe = 284 kHz
fpi = 28 kHz fpi = 20 kHz
fce = 110 kHz fce = 33 kHz
fci = 550 Hz fci = 163 Hz
mi
Mass ratio: m = 200
e
Adiabatic (full pressure tensor)
27
Simulation of 20 m Dipole at L=3
Current-Voltage
Gap Current
28
Simulation of 20 m Dipole at L=3 with
20 cm Gap
Orthographic Projection Potential and Density Variation
Current-Voltage
Gap Current
29
Simulation of 20 m Dipole at L=3
without Electron Gun
Orthographic Projection Potential and Density Variation
Current-Voltage
Gap Current
30
Circuit Diagrams
31
Conclusions Based upon Sheath
Calculations
32
Validity of Fluid Code for Sheath
Region
Ma and Schunk [1992], Thiemann et al. [1992]: Compared PIC and 2-moment fluid
codes with diagonal pressure tensors surrounding spherical electrodes stepped to
10,000V.
Noisy PIC simulations agreed with results of fluid code with addition of more particles
Under-sampled distribution functions in PIC code are inherently noisy.
Plasma ringing and double layer formation was captured in both fluid and PIC simulations.
Very good qualitative agreement
Borovsky [1988], Calder and Laframboise[1990], Calder et al. [1993]: PIC simulations
of spherical electrodes stepped to very large potentials.
Calder and Laframboise [1990], noted ringing effects could be driven to large amplitude by
ion-electron two steam instability which a fluid code can capture.
No presence of electron-electron two-stream instability in any of the PIC simulations
Landau damping is negligible since the phase velocity of waves within the sheath region are
generally different than thermal velocities.
No need to capture this effect in fluid code.
Though particle trapping within sheath is possible (mainly slow moving ions), the relatively
small number of trapped particles results a minimal deviation of the potential variation within
the sheath.
A fluid code can provide an accurate and more computationally efficient method for the
determination of sheath characteristics!
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