Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

PY590, MSE 490, MSE 791, CH 795

http://sites.google.com/site/magneticmaterialss2011/

Instructors:
Dr. Dan Dougherty
dbdoughe@ncsu.edu
Office Hours: Tuesdays, 1:30-2:30 PM in Riddick 208, or by individual appointment
Dr. Joe Tracy
jbtracy@ncsu.edu
Office Hours: appointment
Dr. Dave Shultz
David_Shultz@ncsu.edu
Office Hours: by appointment
 Course Plan
We want to build a common language and background by which different disciplines
interested in magnetic materials can interact:

We’ll need significant interaction (questions) from the class to make sure
everyone is following.

Origin of the idea for an interdisciplinary approach to Magnetic Materials:

 Text
Nicoala Spaldin’s Magnetic Materials: Fundamentals and Applications

Available for free as an electronic resource from the library

This book is a Materials Science approach to magnetism that does not include
many derivations, etc. but is very good at modern research topics.

Often we’ll use it as a supplement to lecture.

 Course Plan

Magnetostatics in Materials (what do B, H, and M mean?)

Quantum Origins of Magnetism

Magnetochemistry

Magnetism in Solids

Magnetism in nanostructured systems

Data Storage

Spintronics
 Grading

Attendance : 5% We’ll pass a sign in sheet around

on randomly chosen days.

Homework: 25% We need you here!!!

Mid-term: 35%

Final Exam: 35%

http://sites.google.com/site/magneticmaterialss2011/
 Magnetic Materials: Big Business

Magnetoresistive
Read Head

Magnetic Bits

Hard drive technology has rapidly incorporated advances in fundamental science.

Lodestone: Magnetite, A Mixed Valence Oxide

FERRImagnet:
Fe2+ Spins on adjacent Octahedral sites are lined up by an interaction
Called “Double Exchange”.
 Magnetic Materials Shouldn’t Exist
(according to classical physics)

Bohr-van Leeuwen Theorem:

Proves rigorously that the ground state cannot have a magnetization

using classical stat mech.

We’ll sketch a simple version of this theorem in a few minutes.

The point?

The existence of magnetic materials is a fundamentally quantum effect

even though they were known to the ancients.
 Lorentz Force

A moving charge experiences a force that is perpendicular to the direction of its

velocity that is due to other moving charges or magnetic materials.

We invent a new vector field B that is responsible for this force. Let’s call it
“Magnetic induction” or maybe just “B field”.

The Force on a moving charge in a B field is experimentally observed to be :

F  qv  B

B has SI units of Tesla : 1 T is a pretty big B field

Average B field near Earth’s surface ~ 10-4 T or less.

 Cross Products and the Right Hand Rule

B C  AB
q C is a vector perpendicular to
the plane defined by A and B.

A Magnitude:

C=AB sinq

Ambiguity in direction is resolved by the right hand rule convention:

1)Point fingers along A

2)Curl these fingers in their “natural” direction toward B
3)Your thumb now point in the direction of C
 Cross Products by Vector Components

Reminder:

iˆ ˆj kˆ
C  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
 Magnetic Forces Do No Work
Clear consequence of the cross product in Lorentz Force Law:

dW  F  ds
ds  vdt
dw  q ( v  B)  vdt  0 Since v and v x B are perpedicular

This provides justification for Bohr-van Leeuwen Theorem – if no work is done by the
magnetic forces , a material doesn’t have any way to lower its energy by becoming magnetized
in a B field.

Wait…what about this?

 Example: Cyclotron Motion

Charge in a uniform B field executes uniform circular motion since the Lorentz
Force is always perpendicular to its velocity:

B
Uniform B field pointing out
of plane of the page.

v
q
Cylcotron orbits are an important
first step in understanding how
charges in real materials respond to
mv B fields.
Radius of Orbit: r
qB

v qB
Cyclotron Frequency:  c  
r m
 Current
DQ
n carriers I
per unit volume in Dt
a wire DQ  nqADx
Dx
I  nqAv
I
Now we can sum up little lengths of wire to
J   nqv
A
See the Lorentz force on a current carrying wire of length L

F   qi ni ADxi v i  B
i

F  IL  B
**Note : I is constant (steady) in magnetostatics.
 Drude Model of Metallic Conduction

Carriers in a metal are an ideal gas that experience a friction forces due to collisions
with lattice cations.
dv mv
m  eE 
dt 

 is a relaxation time- Physically the average

E time between scattering events.

The dynamics problem is similar to free fall with air drag– electrons quickly attain
“terminal velocity” that we’ll call their steady state drift velocity:
 Drude Model: DC Conductivity
dv mv Steady state conditions means v = constant
m  eE  0
dt 

J  nev

ne 2
ne 2 J  E  
J E m
m 1
J E

m

ne 2

Does  change if we turn on a magnetic field?

 Hall Effect
z

B y

x
J

E
“Hall Bar” sample with
B applied perpendicular to carrier drift direction.

Some external source creates an E field that drives the current.

 Hall Effect
z

B y

+- x
J

E
Carriers deflected in the y direction
by the Lorentz Force.

A Current flows in y, until enough charge has built up on the

edges of the bar to create a steady state (jy=0) condition.

B Hall Coefficient:
Drude Model: Ey  J x
ne 1
RH 
B ne
Hall Resistivity:  Hall 
ne
 Magnetoresistance

What about the original Question? Does the DC Drude resistivity change when
we turn on B?

No!

Ex m
 ( B)   2   (0)
J X ne 

This is a failure of the Drude model that can be remedied by quantum theories of transport.
 Magnetoresistance
Very important phenomenon in magnetic materials that will be discussed
throughout the course:

R( B)  R(0)
MR 
R(0)

Ordinary Magnetoresistance (OMR): Semiclassical band transport effect (small)

Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR): Spin-orbit interaction in Ferromagnetic metals

Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR): Thin metal nanostructures – Nobel Prize 2007

Tunneling Magnetoresistance (TMR): metal-insulator-metal junctions.

Organic Magnetoresistance (OMAR): Controversial – MR in totally nonmagnetic systems.

Colossal Magnetoresistance (CMR): Complex Oxides with “field-enhanced double exchange”

 Torque on a Current Loop
B B
n
Uniform B field makes an angle q with
the normal to the plane of the loop.
B q I
B The NET Force on the loop is zero since
opposite sides have opposite current
directions with respect to the B field
I
I
  IAB sin q
Long side forces tend to rotate the loop
To line n up with B
Magnetic Moment
μ  IA

τ  μB
 Magnetic Moment
The torque on a loop can be re-written as simple cross product is we define the
Magnetic moment of the loop to be:

μ  IA

τ  μB

So we can say that a loop will rotate until its magnetic moment is aligned with
the external B field.
 Magnetic Moment
To rotate the magnetic moment away from alignment,
We have to do work on the loop:

q2
q2
W   dq   B sin qdq  B(1  cos q 2 )
0
0

So, we’re storing potential energy in the loop (re-write the cosine factor using a dot product):

U  μ  B
 Magnetic Poles
South Pole North Pole

Pole strength = -p Pole strength = +p

Ordinary Bar Magnet

Outside of the magnet it appears to be made up of two Magnetic Poles.

The force between poles of two different magnets looks like Coulomb’s Law:

0 p1 p2
F rˆ
4r 2

p1
p2
 Magnetic Poles
Magnetic poles do not exist as isolated objects, but are very useful constructs
for calculating magnetic fields and forces outside of magnetic materials.

+p -p
Outside of a magnet, magnetostatics is mathematically identical to electrostatics.

-p +p

ˆ
μ  pLlL