Bronchitis

Nama : Uray Dearika Putri

Hendry
Nim : 03011291
Definition
 Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of your bronchial tubes,
which carry air to and from your lungs. Bronchitis may be either acute
or chronic.
 Often developing from a cold or other respiratory infection, acute
bronchitis is very common. Chronic bronchitis, a more serious
condition, is a constant irritation or inflammation of the lining of the
bronchial tubes, often due to smoking.
 Acute bronchitis usually improves within a few days without lasting
effects, although you may continue to cough for weeks. However, if
you have repeated bouts of bronchitis, you may have chronic
bronchitis, which requires medical attention. Chronic bronchitis is one
of the conditions included in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD).
Etiology
Respiratoryviruses are the most common causes of acute bronchitis, and cigarette
smoking is indisputably the predominant cause of chronic bronchitis.

Viral and becterial infections in acute bronchitis

Themost common viruses include influenza A and B, parainfluenza, respiratory
syncytial virus, and coronavirus, although an etiologic agent is identified only in a
minority of cases.
Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infections, such as those caused by Mycoplasma
species, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis,
and Haemophilus influenzae, and by viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza,
adenovirus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Exposure to irritants, such as
pollution, chemicals, and tobacco smoke, may also cause acute bronchial irritation.
Bordetella
pertussis should be considered in children who are incompletely vaccinated,
though studies increasingly report this bacterium as the causative agent in adults as
well.
Epidemiologi
In one study, acute bronchitis affected 44 of 1000 adults annually, and 82% of
episodes occurred in fall or winter.[7] By way of comparison, 91 million cases of
influenza, 66 million cases of the common cold, and 31 million cases of other
acute upper respiratory tract infections occurred that year.
Acute bronchitis is common throughout the world and is one of the top 5 reasons
for seeking medical care in countries that collect such data. No difference in racial
distribution is reported, though bronchitis occurs more frequently in populations
with a low socioeconomic status and in people who live in urban and highly
industrialized areas.
In terms of gender-specific incidence, bronchitis affects males more than females.
In the United States, up to two thirds of men and one fourth of women have
emphysema at death. Although found in all age groups, acute bronchitis is most
frequently diagnosed in children younger than 5 years, whereas chronic bronchitis
is more prevalent in people older than 50 years.
 Pathology
 Bronchitis occurs when there is swelling of the lining of
the large airways called bronchi within the lungs. This
swelling due to inflammation, irritation and infection
leads to more mucus formation than normal. This
blocks the airflow through the lungs and may damage
the lung eventually.
Causes
 Acute bronchitis is usually caused by viruses,
typically the same viruses that cause colds and
influenza. Antibiotics don't kill viruses, so this
type of medication isn't useful in most cases of
bronchitis.
 The most common cause of chronic bronchitis is
smoking cigarettes. Air pollution and dust or
toxic gases in the environment or workplace
also can contribute to the condition
Symptoms
For either acute bronchitis or chronic bronchitis, signs
and symptoms may include:
 Cough
 Production of mucus (sputum), which can be clear,
white, yellowish-gray or green in color
 Fatigue
 Slight fever and chills
 Chest discomfort
Diagnosis
 During the first few days of illness, it can be difficult to distinguish the signs and
symptoms of bronchitis from those of a common cold. During the physical exam,
your doctor will use a stethoscope to listen closely to your lungs as you breathe.

In some cases, your doctor may suggest:

 Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray can help determine if you have pneumonia or another
condition that may explain your cough.
 Sputum culture. This test checks for the presence of bacteria in sputum produced
when you cough. It's helpful in determining whether you have whooping cough
(pertussis) or other illnesses that would be helped by antibiotics.
 Pulmonary function test. During a pulmonary function test, you blow into a
device called a spirometer, which measures how much air your lungs can hold and
how quickly you can get air out of your lungs. This test checks for signs of asthma
or emphysema.
Treatment
Antibiotics. Bronchitis usually results from a viral
infection, so antibiotics aren't effective. If you have a
chronic lung disorder or if you smoke, may also
prescribe antibiotics to reduce your risk of a serious,
secondary infection.
Cough medicine. It's best not to suppress a cough that
brings up mucus, because coughing helps remove
irritants from your lungs and air passages. Over-the-
counter cough medicine may help if your cough keeps
you from sleeping.
Other medications. If you have asthma or chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
Therapy
If you have chronic bronchitis, you may
benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation — a
breathing exercise program in which a
respiratory therapist teaches you how to
breathe more easily and increase your
ability to exercise.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION