Data Communication Theory: Wireless Case & Training Department

2008-05 Security Level: Internal
Data Communication Theory
Wireless Case & Training Department
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Preface
This slide introduces basic theory of data communication,

which helps you to learn data communication theory in CDMA
system.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

Reference
 TCP/IP Protocol Suite (Second Edition)

Written by Behrouz A. Forouzan and Sophia Chung Fegan
 TCP IP Illustrated (Volume 1)
Written by W. Richard Stevens

Objective
After this course, you can:

 Know TCP/IP protocol structure.
 Know theories of IP address and subnet.
 Know basic theory of static routing.
 Know basic theory of dynamic routing.

Chapter 1 Data Communication in CDMA System
Chapter 2 TCP/IP Basic
Chapter 3 Routing Basic

Data Communication in CDMA System
Data communication in CDMA products:
PDSN9660:
BSC6680:
CDMA packet data
PARC platform
Center is based on NE
is based on IP
series router
Data communication in transmission network:
A Interface
IP over E1/T1
IP over FE
Abis Interface


Internet Basic
TCP/IP Protocol Basic
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

Internet Basic
 What is Internet ?
1960s  Network: A group of communication device
1970s ARPANET
Internet connected with each other.
is invented  Internet: Networks which communicated
with others based on TCP/IP protocol.
1970s
TCP/IP
is invented
1980s
CSNET
NSFNET 1990s Today’s
ANSNET Internet

Internet Basic
 Today’s Internet:
 ISP: Internet service provider. Most
of the internet services for
subscribers are provided by ISPs.
Example:
China Telecom—State ISP
Guangdong Telecom—Regional ISP
Mobile network
 Structure of today’s Internet:

Internet
IP Intranet
Hotel
SOH
O

Internet Basic
 LAN and WAN
 According to the size of the cover range, data communication network can be
classified as LAN or WAN.
LAN
WAN
LAN
LAN
LAN

Internet Basic
 LAN
 Concept: A network of connected computers, printers, modems or other devices, covering
within several square kilometers.
 Feature: Short distance, low delay, high transmission rate, high reliability.
 Targets:
Applied in limited area;
Enable to visit high bandwidth medium simultaneously;
Private right of network control by part management;
Full-time part service;
Connect nearby devices.
 Common LAN device:
HUB Lanswitch Router ATM Exchanger

Internet Basic
 WAN
 Concept: A network which provided data communication service in large area, mainly
is used for connecting LANs.
 Feature: large covering range.
 Targets:
Applied in large area;
Visiting through low speed serial links;
Full-time or part-time service;
Connecting physically departed, faraway distributed, or even global devices.
 Common WAN devices:
Modem/CSU/DSU Router WAN Exchanger Access Server

Internet Basic
 Common topological view:
LAN
Bus Star Tree
WAN
Ring Mesh

Internet Basic
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

 TCP/IP Protocol Basic
 Why layer structure is needed?
Network communication is a
complicated system. Because a
Application Layer single layer is hard to bear all the
communication, module and layer
Transport Layer structure is invented to meet this
requirement.
Network Layer  Benefits of layer structure
 Communication between two ends
Data Link Layer based on the same protocol
 Modularized and focused functions
Physical Layer  Realizable multiple technology
 Communication between networks of
different structure

 TCP/IP Protocol
Provide user interface, support different application protocol.
Application Layer Support network virtual terminal, file transfer, mail service, etc.
Application layer transmits the original data.
Transfer the whole data from original point to destination point.
Performs port addressing, segments reforming, connection
Transport Layer control, flow control and error control. Transport layer transmits
segments.
Transfer the segment from original point to destination point.
Network Layer Performs logical addressing, route selecting. Network layer
transmits Packets.
Performs physical medium accessing, physical addressing,
Data Link Layer flow control, error control and access control. Data link layer
transmits Frames.
Define physical interface feature, transmission medium type,
Physical Layer data rate, transmission modes, etc. Physical layer transmits
bits.

 Peer to Peer Communication
Host A Host B
Data
Application Layer Application Layer
Segment
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Packet
Network Layer Network Layer
Frame
Data Link Layer Data Link Layer
Bit
Physical Layer Physical Layer
 Communication between peer layers is based on the same protocol.

 Physical layer communicates directly with each other. Other layers communicates
with its peer layer based on physical layer.

 Process of packet encapsulation and decapsulation in TCP/IP protocol
I want to say
I receive it!
hello to B.
Host A Host B
Application Layer Hello Hello Application Layer

Transport Transport
Transport Layer layer head Hello layer head Hello Transport Layer
Network Transport Network Transport
Network Layer layer head layer head Hello layer head layer head Hello Network Layer
Frame Network Transport Frame Frame Network Transport Frame
Data Link Layer head Layer headLayer headHello tail head Layer headLayer headHello tail Data Link Layer
Physical Layer 0010010111001 Physical Layer

Internet Basic
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

Physical Layer
 Physical Layer
 Physical layer defines the mechanical, electrical, functional features of connecting,
maintaining and disconnecting physical channels. Physical layer mainly defines
standards of voltage, interface, cables, transmission distance, transmission type,
transmission speed, etc.
 Common physical layer interface:

10M Ethernet port
100M Ethernet port
1000M Ethernet port
 Common physical layer device:

HUB

Physical Layer
10M Ethernet Port 100M Ethernet Port 1000M Ethernet Port
 10Base-T  100Base-TX  1000Base-T

Use twisted pair as Use ultra category 5 twisted Use ultra category 5 twisted
transmission medium. pair as transmission medium pair as transmission medium
 10Base5 with longest distance of 100m. with longest distance of 100m.
Use thick coaxial cable as  100BaseFX  1000Base-F
transmission medium. Use single-mode or multimode Use multimode fiber as
 10Base2 fiber as transmission medium. transmission medium with
Use thin coaxial cable as Single-mode fiber has a longest distance of 500m.
transmission medium. longest distance of 10km.  1000Base-SX
Multimode fiber has a longest Use multimode fiber as
distance of 2000m. transmission medium with
 Fast Ethernet longest distance of 2km.
Defined by IEEE 802.3u.  1000Base-LX
Use single-mode fiber as
transmission medium.
 1000Base-ZX
Use single-mode fiber as
transmission medium, ultra
long haul.

Physical Layer
 Twisted Pair
 Category of twisted pair:
Category 3 twisted pair
Twisted pair is sorted as unshielded twisted pair and shielded
twisted pair.
Both of the two types of the twisted pair have 8 wires.
Ultra category 5 twisted pair
Type of twisted pair is defined by the twisted pair density.
 Wire sequence of Straight Through Cable Cross Over Cable
Side 1 Side 1 Side 1 Side 2
category 5 twisted pair: 12345678 Side 1 Side 2
12345678
1=white/orange 1=white/orange 1=white/orange 1=white/green
2=orange 2=orange 2=orange 2=green
3=white/green 3=white/green 3=white/green 3=white/orange
4=blue 4=blue 4=blue 4=blue
5=white/blue 5=white/blue 5=white/blue 5=white/blue
6=green 6=green 6=green 6=orange
7=white/brown 7=white/brown 7=white/brown 7=white/brown
8=brown 8=brown
12345678 8=brown 8=brown 12345678
Side 2 Side 2

Internet Basic
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

Data Link Layer
 Data Link Layer
 Data link layer is the second layer of TCP/IP protocol. Based on physical layer, data link
layer provides service for network layer.
 Data link layer provides reliable data transmission for physical layer.
 Data link layer protocols in LAN: Ethernet, token ring, etc.
 Data link layer protocols in WAN: PPP、HDLC、Frame Relay, etc.
 Common data link layer device – Exchanger, LAN Switch:

Data Link Layer
 Data link layer standard in LAN
IEEE 802 defines a series of standards in LAN:
IEEE802.3: Ethernet
IEEE802.4: Token bus
IEEE802.5: Token ring
IEEE802.11: Wireless LAN
IEEE802 standards includes physical layer and data link layer.
 Data link layer standard in WAN

HDLC (High-level Data Link Control)
PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
X.25
Frame Relay

Data Link Layer
 Ethernet Link Layer
 Ethernet link layer standard follows IEEE802.3 standard.
Definition: Use MAC (Medium Access Control) address to identify a unique device.
 Ethernet frame structure:
MAC Frame Head Data MAC Frame tail
Length
SFD DA SA Data CRC
/Type
 SFD: Start Frame Denotation. It is 1 byte data for synchronization. Data is 10101011 by
default.
 DA: Destination Address. It is 6Bytes data for identifying receiver.
 SA: Source Address. It is 6Bytes data for identifying transmitter.
 Length/Type: If value is less than 1518, this segment indicates the length of Data; If value
is more than 1518, this segment indicates the type of upper layer protocol. It is 2Bytes.
 Data: It is the data which transported by upper layer. Minimum length of this segment is
46Bytes, and maximum length is 1500Bytes.
 CRC: This segment is for error checking. Segment length is 4Bytes.

Data Link Layer
 MAC Address
 Every terminal or router device, such as PC, router, has its own NIC (Network Interface
Card). Every NIC has its own MAC address, which identify an unique device in network .
 MAC address is 48 bits, but it is usually represented by 12 hex number.
 MAC is a global unique address, which is managed and assigned by IEEE. A MAC
address consist of two parts: vendor code and serial number. Former 24 bits represent
vendor code. The rest of the 24 bits is assigned by vendor. Huawei’s vendor code is
0x00E0FC.
 If all the 48 bits are 1, it means this MAC is a broadcast address (FFFFFFFFFFFF).
 If the eighth bits is 1, it means this MAC is a multicast address.
00E0. FCCC. 3F53
00000000 11100000 11111100 11001100 00111111 01010011
Vendor Code Assigned by vendor

Data Link Layer
 Theory of Ethernet MAC Layer
 In the same network, addressing among devices is based on MAC.
A I want to say Exchanger I receive it. B

Hello to B And Hi A!
PORT1 PORT2
Frame
DA: MAC-B SA: MAC-A Hello
Tail
Frame
DA: MAC-A SA: MAC-B Hi
Tail

Internet Basic
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

Network Layer
 Network Layer
 Network layer is the third layer in TCP/IP protocol, which provide point to point
communication.
 Common network layer devices: Router, Layer 3 Exchanger, etc.
Application Layer
Transport Layer
ICMP
Network Layer IP
ARP/RARP
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer

Network Layer
 IP (Internet Protocol)
 IP is the main protocol in network layer, it is a unreliable connectionless protocol - Best
effort.
 IP provides a global packet format, it eliminates the difference of data link layer and make
network connection possible.
 IP packet structure:
bit 0 4 8 16 19 24 31
Version Head length Service type Total length

Fixed length
of 20 bytes Identification Flag Segment offset
Life-span Protocol Checksum
Source IP address
Destination IP address
Optional bytes with flexible length Fill

Flexible
Length Data
...

Network Layer
 A port of a host or router in Internet is identified by IP address.
 Each port of a host or router in Internet is unique.
 In IPV4 protocol, IP address is 32bits to identify a host. Usually IP address is
represented by decimal number:
 IP binary format: 11000000 10101000 00001010 00000001
 IP decimal format: 192 . 168 . 10 . 1

 Private IP in IPV4:
10.0.0.0 ~10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 ~172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 ~192.168.255.255

Network Layer
 Classification of IP Address:
A 1.0.0.0 ~126.255.255.255
0 Network 7bit Host 24bit
B 128.0.0.0 ~191.255.255.255
10 Network 14bit Host 16bit
C 192.0.0.0 ~223.255.255.255
110 Network 21bit Host 24bit The appearance of
mask weaken the
D 224.0.0.0 ~239.255.255.255
classification of IP
11 1 0 Multicast address
address
E 240.0.0.0 ~255.255.255.255
1 1 11 0 Reserved

Network Layer
 Special IP Address:
Network Part Host Part Type Use
Any All “0” Network IP Indicates a network segment
Any All “1” Broadcast IP All the nodes in a given network

Broadcast IP of a given network
127 Any Loopback address Testing inter-process communication
All “0” All the networks Identify the destination IP of a default

route
All “1” Broadcast IP All the nodes in a network segment

Broadcast IP of a network segment

Network Layer
 Subnet mask
 What is subnet mask?
Subnet mask defines the network and host part of an IP address.
Subnet mask has the same format as IP address. Both network part and subnet part of
the subnet mask is represented by 1, host part is represented by 0. By default, if no
subnet is defined, subnet mask of class A IP address is 255.0.0.0; Subnet mask of class
B is 255.255.0.0; Subnet mask of class C is 255.255.255.0. By using subnet mask, a
network can be divided in to several subnet.
 Subnet mask consist of continuous 1 and 0.
Example:
Binary format: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Decimal format: 255.255.255.0
 Length of subnet mask is the number of 1 in a subnet mask. In the former example,
subnet mask length is 24.

Network Layer
 Subnet Address
 What is subnet address?
Subnet address identifies a subnet.
In one network segment, all the host has the same subnet mask and subnet address.
 Subnet address calculation:
Example: Host IP is 192.168.1.17, subnet mask is 255.255.255.240, then the calculation of
subnet address is:
192 . 168 . 1 . 7
IP address
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111
(AND)
255 . 255 . 255 . 240
Subnet mask
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
Network address 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000

(binary)
Network address 192.168.1.0/28

Network Layer
 Calculation of number of hosts in the subnet
Subnet mask: Example:

IP address: 192.168.1.100/28
/28=255.255.255.240
Network part Host part
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Binary format of this subnet mask：
11111111. 11111111. 11111111. 11110000
n
Number of the hosts in this subnet:
Host number: 24
n
Host number: 2 Host available: 24 -2
n
Host available: 2 - 2

Network Layer
 Subnetting
 Why need subnetting
It is impossible to use broadcasting technology in MAN and WAN, so routing must be
applied;
The ruleless and fastness of MAC address make routing in WAN very hard;
IP address is flexible and programmable;
Subnetting can increase the utilization of the IP address, and decrease the difficulty of
routing.
 Subnetting method
IP address is sorted as subnet address and host address, these two addresses are
identified by mask.
Based on this method, global network could be divided into flexible and programmable
subnets, these subnets communicate with others by routing. Also, the smaller network
is, the better for network management.

Network Layer
 How to subnetting?
Eg: If a 10.160.2.0/24 network is provided and at least 7 subnets, each subnet has at least
25 hosts, then how to do subnetting?
n
Number of hosts in a subnet is 2 -2, in case of 25 host is needed in this subnet, then
n≥5.
Then, the length of mask is 32-5=27 bits, which means 255.255.255.224.
Because at least 7 subnets is needed, mask of each subnet is 27.
Subnets are: 10.160.2.0 ~ 10.160.2.31 Subnet address: 10.160.2.0/27
10.160.2.32 ~10.160.2.63 Subnet address: 10.160.2.32/27
10.160.2.64 ~10.160.2.95 Subnet address: 10.160.2.64/27
10.160.2.96 ~10.160.2.127 Subnet address: 10.160.2.96/27
10.160.2.128 ~10.160.2.159 Subnet address: 10.160.2.128/27
10.160.2.160 ~10.160.2.191 Subnet address: 10.160.2.160/27
10.160.2.192 ~10.160.2.223 Subnet address: 10.160.2.192/27
10.160.2.224 ~10.160.2.255 Subnet address: 10.160.2.224/27

Network Layer
 Practice:
If network 204.159.80.192/26 is provided, and at 6 subnets are need, each subnet has at
least 5 hosts. How to subnetting?

Network Layer
 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
 ARP allows a host to find the MAC address of a target host on the same physical
network, given only the target’s IP address.
 Every device keeps a ARP list, which records the mapping relation between IP address
and MAC address.
Who knows MAC MAC address of the

address of the host host with IP 10.0.0.2
with IP 10.0.0.2？ is 00-E0-FC-00-00-
12
A B
IP:10.0.0.1/24 IP:10.0.0.2/24
MAC:00-E0-FC-00-00-11 ARP Request MAC:00-E0-FC-00-00-12
ARP list of host A ARP list of host B

10.0.0.2 ?
00E0FC000012 10.0.0.1 ?
00E0FC000011
ARP Reply
… … … …

Network Layer
 RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
 RARP allows a host to find the IP address of a target host, given only the traget’s MAC
address. RARP is usually applied in hosts without disks.
 If RARP is applied, there must be RARP Server to support it, for not all device support
RARP.
Your IP address
What is my IP
Host without disks RARP Server is 10.0.0.1
address?
MAC:00-E0-FC-00-00-11 RARP Request? MAC:00-E0-FC-00-00-12
RARP Reply

Network Layer
 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
 ICMP allows routers to send error or control messages to other routers or hosts.
 PING program is based on ICMP.
 ICMP packet encapsulation:
MAC Header IP Header ICMP Data MAC Tail
A B
Is B reachable? I’m here.
IP:10.0.0.1/24 ICMP Echo Request

IP:10.0.0.2/24
ICMP Echo Reply

Internet Basic
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

Transport Layer
 Transport Layer
 Transport layer is fourth layer of TCP/IP protocol, allows procedure to procedure
communication and performs flow control and error control.
 UDP (User Data Protocol) provides an unreliable connectionless delivery service.
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) provides an reliable connection delivery service.
Because control messages is delivered during connection setup, maintain and
disconnection, transfer efficiency is not as good as UDP.
Application Layer
Transport Layer TCP/ UDP
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer

Transport Layer
 Transport Layer Segment Format
0 8 16 24 31
Source port (16 bits) Destination port (16 bits)
UDP Lengths (16 bits) UDP Checksum (16 bits)
Data
UDP Segment Format
0 8 16 24 31
Source port (16 bits) Destination port (16 bits)
Sequence number (32 bits)
Acknowledgement number (32 bits)
URG
ACK
SYN
PSH
RST
FIN
Header Length Reserved(6 bits) Window size (16 bits)
TCP checksum (16 bits) Urgent pointer (16 bits)
Options
Data
TCP Segment Format

Transport Layer
 Port Number of Transport Layer
Port number identifies upper level application program.
Port number range: 0 ~65535. 0~1023 is public number (Well-know port), 1024~65535 is
private number.
HTTP FTP Telnet SMTP DNS TFTP SNMP
53
80 20/21 23 25 69 161
TCP UDP
IP Packet

Transport Layer
 Communication between procedures: Use port number to identify the source and
destination procedure.
Host A Host B
FTP Client FTP Server

Application Layer Application Layer
2987 21
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Network Layer Network Layer
Data Link Layer Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer

Internet Basic
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

Application Layer
 Application Layer
 Application provide interface between user and program.
 Application program are usually server and client.
 Common application program:
HTTP, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, DNS, etc.
Program such as web page, games, mailbox are all application program.


Routing Basic
 Definition: Route information when device sending or forwarding IP packets.
 Static routing
Low overhead; Simple configuration; Manual maintenance; Suitable for small, slow
changing internets.
 Dynamic routing
Large overhead; Complicated configuration; No need manual maintenance; Suitable for
rapid growth or rapid changing internets.
 Route format
Route format: Destination address Subnet mask Next hop
Example:
Default Route: 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.10.1
Host Route: 10.0.20.8 255.255.255.255 10.0.10.1
Subnet Route: 10.0.20.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.10.1

Static Routing Configuration
Host 1: 10.0.10.8 Host 2 : 10.0.20.8
192.168.1.4
10.0.10.1 192.168.1.3 10.0.20.1
Net 1 Net 2
10.0.10.0/24 Router A Router B 10.0.20.0/24
Destination IP 10.0.20.0 Destination IP 10.0.10.0
Mask 255.255.255.0 Mask 255.255.255.0
Next Hop 10.0.10.1 Next Hop 10.0.20.1
Host 1: Route add 10.0.20.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.10.1
Host 2: Route add 10.0.10.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.20.1

Route Forwarding
Host 1 : 10.0.10.8 192.168.1.4 Host 2 : 10.0.20.8
MAC 1 MAC B1 MAC 2
10.0.10.1
MAC A1 192.168.1.3 10.0.20.1
MAC A2 Mac B2
Net 1 Net 2
10.0.10.0/24 Router A Router B 10.0.20.0/24
TCP TCP TCP

MAC IP Data MAC IP Data MAC IP Data
UDP UDP UDP
Destination IP 10.0.20.8 Destination IP 10.0.20.8 Destination IP 10.0.20.8
Source IP 10.0.10.8 Source IP 10.0.10.8 Source IP 10.0.10.8
Destination Mac A1 Destination Mac B1 Destination Mac 2
Source Mac 1 Source Mac A2 Source Mac B2

Thank You
www.huawei.com

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2008-05 Security Level: Internal

Data Communication Theory

Wireless Case & Training Department

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

This slide introduces basic theory of data communication,

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

 TCP/IP Protocol Suite (Second Edition)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

After this course, you can:

 Know theories of IP address and subnet.

 Know basic theory of static routing.

 Know basic theory of dynamic routing.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4

Chapter 2 TCP/IP Basic

Chapter 3 Routing Basic

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 5

Data communication in transmission network:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 6

Chapter 2 TCP/IP Basic

Chapter 3 Routing Basic

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 7

TCP/IP Protocol Basic

Data Link Layer

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 8

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 9

 Structure of today’s Internet:

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 11

HUB Lanswitch Router ATM Exchanger

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Modem/CSU/DSU Router WAN Exchanger Access Server

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Bus Star Tree

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TCP/IP Protocol Basic

Data Link Layer

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 Communication between peer layers is based on the same protocol.

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Application Layer Hello Hello Application Layer

Physical Layer 0010010111001 Physical Layer

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TCP/IP Protocol Basic

Data Link Layer

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 Common physical layer interface:

 Common physical layer device:

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 10Base-T  100Base-TX  1000Base-T

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TCP/IP Protocol Basic

Data Link Layer

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 Common data link layer device – Exchanger, LAN Switch:

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 Data link layer standard in WAN

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MAC Frame Head Data MAC Frame tail

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