1

TOPIC

Engine types and

their operation
 Cylinder Geometry

Intake manifold Exhaust manifold

and Valve and Valve

Compression ratio
Vc
maximum cylinder volume Vd  Vc
TDC rc  
Bore, B
minimum cylinder volume Vc
Vt
Vd Stroke, L Displaced (swept) volume
 B2
Vd  L
BDC 4
l

Connecting Rod
q Length

Crank Radius, a
2
Operating Cycles

• 4-stroke cycle: Requires two complete revolutions

to complete a cycle
• 2-stroke cycle: Requires one complete revolution
to complete a cycle

3
Four-stroke operating cycle

4
Four-stroke operating cycle

Exhaust Inlet

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Two-stroke operating cycle

6
Two-stroke operating cycle

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Chrysler 2.2-liter displacement
four-cylinder spark-ignition engine.
B/S=87.5/92 mm, rc=8.9, maximum
power 65 kW at 5000 rpm
 Engine Classifications
• Application (road, railroad, airborne, utility, stationary)
• Design (reciprocating, rotary)
• Cycle (four-stroke, two-stroke, naturally aspirated, supercharged)
• Valve Design and Location (overhead, underhead )
• Fuel (gasoline, diesel, CNG, LPG, biofuels, hydrogen, dual-fuel,)
• Fuel/Air Mixing (carburetor, fuel injection SI, Diesel fuel injection)
• Ignition (spark, compression)
• Combustion Chamber design (open, divided)
• Load Control (fuel control, fuel/air mixture control)
• Cooling (water, air, uncooled) 9
• Application
• Design
• Cycle
• Valve Location
• Fuel
• Fuel/Air Mixing
• Ignition
• Combustion chamber
• Load Control
• Cooling
 Reading assignment
Chapter 1. Engine types an their operation
1.1 Introduction and Historical perspective
1.2 Engine classifications
1.3 Engine operating cycles
1.4 Engine components
1.5 Spark-ignition engine operation
1.6 Examples of spark-ignition engines
1.7 Compression-ignition engine operation
1.8 Examples of compression-ignition engines
1.9 Stratified-charge engines
Indicate on appropriate sketch the different
forces that act on the piston for a given position
of the piston
Spark Ignition Engines

14
Compression
Ignition
Engines

15
Heat Engine Lab
 Engine specification

Working cycle Four-stroke

Method of cooling Air-cooled
Rated power, kW 5.0
Rated speed, rpm 3600
Maximum torque, Nm 15.6 at 2650
rpm
Minimum stable idling, 1000
rpm
Combustion system Direct injection
Bore/stroke, mm 76.20/66.67
Engine displacement, l 0.304
Compression ratio 18.5
AC1 Lister-Petter diesel engine Injection timing, ºBTDC 24º
Transducers

Injector needle lift transducer

In-cylinder pressure
AVL quartz pressure
transducer QC34D

Fuel line pressure

AVL SL31D-3000 Line
pressure transducer
Transducers
AVL IndiModul 621 and amplifiers
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 AVL DiCom 4000 NOx Gas analyzer

AVL DiCom 4000

NOx, CO, CO2, O2, HC

AVL Smokemeter
Dynamometer

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Load monitoring

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Load monitoring

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Control unit

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End of Topic
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Major components of the Wankel rotary engine
Wankel four-stroke cycle engine operation
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Two-rotor Wankel spark-ignition engine. Displacement of each working chamber
573 cm3, compression ratio 9.4, maximum power 55 kW at 7000 rpm.
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Spark Ignition Engines
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38
Single point fuel injection
Multipoint port fuel injection
Direct injection in SI engines
Spark Ignition Engines

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42
Compression
Ignition
Engines

43
Compression Ignition Engines

44
Compression
Ignition
Engines

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45
 Diesel fuel system with distributor-type fuel injection pump with mechanical governor

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C
o
m
m
o
n

R
a
i
l
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 Direct-Injection systems

(a) quiescent chamber with multihole nozzle; (b) bowl-in-piston chamber with swirl
and multihole nozzle; (c) bowl-in-piston chamber with swirl and single-hole nozzle
Indirect-Injection systems

(a) swirl prechamber; (b) turbulent prechamber

Combustion
chamber
shapes

a) wedge

b) hemispherical

c) bowl-in-piston

d) bathtub

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Engine Classifications
Engine Classifications