Introduction to

CMOS VLSI
Design

Lecture 12:
Datapath Functional Units
Credits: David Harris
Harvey Mudd College

(Material taken/adapted from

Harris’ lecture notes)
 Outline
 Comparators
 Shifters
 Multi-input Adders
 Multipliers

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 2

 Comparators
 0’s detector: A = 00…000
 1’s detector: A = 11…111
 Equality comparator: A = B
 Magnitude comparator: A < B

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 3

 1’s & 0’s Detectors
 1’s detector: N-input AND gate
 0’s detector: NOTs + 1’s detector (N-input NOR)
A7
A6 A3
A5 A2
A4 allzeros
allones A1
A3
A2 A0
A1
A0

A7
A6
A5
A4
A3 allones
A2
A1
A0

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 4

 Equality Comparator
 Check if each bit is equal (XNOR, aka equality gate)
 1’s detect on bitwise equality

B[3]
A[3]
B[2]
A[2] A=B
B[1]
A[1]
B[0]
A[0]

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 5

 Magnitude Comparator
 Compute B-A and look at sign
 B-A = B + ~A + 1
 For unsigned numbers, carry out is sign bit
A B
C
B3
N A B
A3
B2

A2 Z
A=B
B1

A1
B0

A0

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 6

 Signed vs. Unsigned
 For signed numbers, comparison is harder
– C: carry out
– Z: zero (all bits of A-B are 0)
– N: negative (MSB of result)
– V: overflow (inputs had different signs, output sign  B)

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 7

 Shifters
 Logical Shift:
– Shifts number left or right and fills with 0’s
• 1011 LSR 1 = ____ 1011 LSL1 = ____
 Arithmetic Shift:
– Shifts number left or right. Rt shift sign extends
• 1011 ASR1 = ____ 1011 ASL1 = ____
 Rotate:
– Shifts number left or right and fills with lost bits
• 1011 ROR1 = ____ 1011 ROL1 = ____

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 8

 Shifters
 Logical Shift:
– Shifts number left or right and fills with 0’s
• 1011 LSR 1 = 0101 1011 LSL1 = 0110
 Arithmetic Shift:
– Shifts number left or right. Rt shift sign extends
• 1011 ASR1 = 1101 1011 ASL1 = 0110
 Rotate:
– Shifts number left or right and fills with lost bits
• 1011 ROR1 = 1101 1011 ROL1 = 0111

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 9

 Funnel Shifter
 A funnel shifter can do all six types of shifts
 Selects N-bit field Y from 2N-bit input
– Shift by k bits (0  k < N)

2N-1 N-1 0
B C

offset + N-1 offset

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 10

 Multi-input Adders
 Suppose we want to add k N-bit words
– Ex: 0001 + 0111 + 1101 + 0010 = _____

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 23

 Multi-input Adders
 Suppose we want to add k N-bit words
– Ex: 0001 + 0111 + 1101 + 0010 = 10111

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 24

 Multi-input Adders
 Suppose we want to add k N-bit words
– Ex: 0001 + 0111 + 1101 + 0010 = 10111
 Straightforward solution: k-1 N-input CPAs
– Large and slow

0001 0111 1101 0010

+
10101

+
10111

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 25

 Carry Save Addition
 A full adder sums 3 inputs and produces 2 outputs
– Carry output has twice weight of sum output
 N full adders in parallel are called carry save adder
– Produce N sums and N carry outs
X4 Y4 Z4 X3 Y3 Z3 X2 Y2 Z2 X1 Y 1 Z1

C4 S4 C3 S3 C2 S2 C1 S1
XN...1 YN...1 ZN...1

n-bit CSA

CN...1 SN...1

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 26

 CSA Application
 Use k-2 stages of CSAs
– Keep result in carry-save redundant form
 Final CPA computes actual result
0001 X
0001 0111 1101 0010 0111 Y
+1101 Z
4-bit CSA 1011 S
0101_ C
0101_ 1011
0101_ X
5-bit CSA 1011 Y
+0010 Z
S
C
+
A
B
S

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 27

 CSA Application
 Use k-2 stages of CSAs
– Keep result in carry-save redundant form
 Final CPA computes actual result
0001 X
0001 0111 1101 0010 0111 Y
+1101 Z
4-bit CSA 1011 S
0101_ C
0101_ 1011
0101_ X
5-bit CSA 1011 Y
+0010 Z
01010_ 00011 00011 S
01010_ C
+
01010_ A
+ 00011 B
S

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 28

 CSA Application
 Use k-2 stages of CSAs
– Keep result in carry-save redundant form
 Final CPA computes actual result
0001 X
0001 0111 1101 0010 0111 Y
+1101 Z
4-bit CSA 1011 S
0101_ C
0101_ 1011
0101_ X
5-bit CSA 1011 Y
+0010 Z
01010_ 00011 00011 S
01010_ C
+
01010_ A
10111 + 00011 B
10111 S

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 29

 Multiplication
 Example: 1100 : 1210
0101 : 510

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 30

 Multiplication
 Example: 1100 : 1210
0101 : 510
1100

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 31

 Multiplication
 Example: 1100 : 1210
0101 : 510
1100
0000

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 32

 Multiplication
 Example: 1100 : 1210
0101 : 510
1100
0000
1100

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 33

 Multiplication
 Example: 1100 : 1210
0101 : 510
1100
0000
1100
0000

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 34

 Multiplication
 Example: 1100 : 1210
0101 : 510
1100
0000
1100
0000
00111100 : 6010

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 35

 Multiplication
 Example: 1100 : 1210 multiplicand
0101 : 510 multiplier
1100
0000 partial
1100 products
0000
00111100 : 6010 product
 M x N-bit multiplication
– Produce N M-bit partial products
– Sum these to produce M+N-bit product

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 36

 General Form
 Multiplicand: Y = (yM-1, yM-2, …, y1, y0)
 Multiplier: X = (xN-1, xN-2, …, x1, x0)

 M 1   N 1
 N 1 M 1
 Product: P    y j 2 j    xi 2i    xi y j 2i  j
 j 0   i 0  i 0 j 0
y5 y4 y3 y2 y1 y0 multiplicand
x5 x4 x3 x2 x1 x0 multiplier
x0y5 x0y4 x0y3 x0y2 x0y1 x0y0
x1y5 x1y4 x1y3 x1y2 x1y1 x1y0
x2y5 x2y4 x2y3 x2y2 x2y1 x2y0 partial
x3y5 x3y4 x3y3 x3y2 x3y1 x3y0 products
x4y5 x4y4 x4y3 x4y2 x4y1 x4y0
x5y5 x5y4 x5y3 x5y2 x5y1 x5y0
p11 p10 p9 p8 p7 p6 p5 p4 p3 p2 p1 p0 product

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 37

 Dot Diagram
 Each dot represents a bit
x0

partial products

multiplier x
x15

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 38

 Array Multiplier
y3 y2 y1 y0

x0

x1
CSA
Array

x2

x3

CPA

p7 p6 p5 p4 p3 p2 p1 p0

A B
Sin A Cin critical path A B
A B
B Sin
= Cout Cin = Cout Cin
Cout Cin
Sout
Cout Sout Sout
Sout

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 39

 Rectangular Array
 Squash array to fit rectangular floorplan
y3 y2 y1 y0

x0

p0
x1

p1
x2

p2
x3

p3

p7 p6 p5 p4

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 40

 Fewer Partial Products
 Array multiplier requires N partial products
 If we looked at groups of r bits, we could form N/r
partial products.
– Faster and smaller?
– Called radix-2r encoding
 Ex: r = 2: look at pairs of bits
– Form partial products of 0, Y, 2Y, 3Y
– First three are easy, but 3Y requires adder 

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 41

 Booth Encoding
 Instead of 3Y, try –Y, then increment next partial
product to add 4Y
 Similarly, for 2Y, try –2Y + 4Y in next partial product

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 42

 Booth Encoding
 Instead of 3Y, try –Y, then increment next partial
product to add 4Y
 Similarly, for 2Y, try –2Y + 4Y in next partial product

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 43

 Booth Encoding
 Instead of 3Y, try –Y, then increment next partial
product to add 4Y
 Similarly, for 2Y, try –2Y + 4Y in next partial product

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 44

 Booth Encoding
 Instead of 3Y, try –Y, then increment next partial
product to add 4Y
 Similarly, for 2Y, try –2Y + 4Y in next partial product

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 45

 Booth Encoding
 Instead of 3Y, try –Y, then increment next partial
product to add 4Y
 Similarly, for 2Y, try –2Y + 4Y in next partial product

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 46

 Booth Encoding
 Instead of 3Y, try –Y, then increment next partial
product to add 4Y
 Similarly, for 2Y, try –2Y + 4Y in next partial product

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 47

 Booth Encoding
 Instead of 3Y, try –Y, then increment next partial
product to add 4Y
 Similarly, for 2Y, try –2Y + 4Y in next partial product

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 48

 Booth Encoding
 Instead of 3Y, try –Y, then increment next partial
product to add 4Y
 Similarly, for 2Y, try –2Y + 4Y in next partial product

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 49

 Booth Hardware
 Booth encoder generates control lines for each PP
– Booth selectors choose PP bits
yj yj-1

Xi x2i-1
x2i

2Xi
x2i+1
Mi
Booth
Encoder

Booth
Selector
PPij

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 50

 Sign Extension
 Partial products can be negative
– Require sign extension, which is cumbersome
– High fanout on most significant bit
0 x-1
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s x0
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s PP0
s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s PP1
s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s PP2

multiplier x
s s s s
s s PP3
s
PP4

PP5
PP6

PP7 x15
0 x16
PP8
0 x17

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 51

 Simplified Sign Ext.
 Sign bits are either all 0’s or all 1’s
– Note that all 0’s is all 1’s + 1 in proper column
– Use this to reduce loading on MSB
s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 PP0
s s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 PP1
s s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 PP2
s s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 PP3
s s
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 PP4
s s
1 1 1 1 1 PP5
s s
1 1 1 PP6
s s
1 PP7
s
PP8

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 52

 Even Simpler Sign Ext.
 No need to add all the 1’s in hardware
– Precompute the answer!

s s s PP0
1 s s PP1
1 s s PP2
1 s s PP3
1 s s PP4
1 s s PP5
1 s s PP6
s s PP7
s PP8

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 53

 Advanced Multiplication
 Signed vs. unsigned inputs
 Higher radix Booth encoding
 Array vs. tree CSA networks

12: Datapath Functional Units CMOS VLSI Design Slide 54