ECE

Engr. Marcelo V. Rivera

The del operator, written 𝛻, is the vector differential operator,
aka gradient operator.
In Cartesian coordinates:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻= 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
In cylindrical coordinates:
𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 = 𝑎𝜌 + 𝑎𝜙 + 𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧
In spherical coordinates:
𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
𝛻 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝜃 + 𝑎𝜙
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
The gradient of a scalar field V is a vector that represents
both the magnitude and the direction of the maximum space
rate of increase of V:

For Cartesian coordinates:

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
grad V = 𝛻V = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
In cylindrical coordinates:
𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
grad V = 𝛻V = 𝑎𝜌 + 𝑎𝜙 + 𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧

In spherical coordinates:
𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉
grad V = 𝛻V = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝜃 + 𝑎𝜙
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
note: The projection or component of V in the direction of a
unit vector 𝒂 is
𝛻V ∙ 𝑎

and is called the directional derivative of V along A

- This is the rate of change of V in the direction of 𝒂.
dV
= 𝛻V ∙ 𝑎
dl
Given: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5𝑦, find 𝛻𝑓.
𝛻𝑓 = 3𝑖 − 5𝑗
Given: 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 ln(𝑦 − 4), find 𝛻𝑔.
 −2𝑥
𝑒
𝛻𝑔 = −2𝑒 −2𝑥 ln(𝑦 − 4) 𝑖 + 𝑗
𝑦−4
Given: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 4𝑧 2 , find 𝛻𝑓.
𝛻𝑓 = 4𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦𝑗 − 8𝑧𝑘
Given: 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln(𝑥 + 𝑦), at point (−2,3) find 𝛻𝑔.
𝛻𝑔 −2,3 = −2𝑖 − 2𝑗
Given: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧𝑒 −𝑥 tan 𝑦, at point (0, π, −2) find 𝛻𝑓.
𝛻𝑓 0, π, −2 = −2𝑗
Given: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 , at point (1,2) find 𝛻𝑓.
𝛻𝑓 1,2 = 6𝑖 + 4𝑗
Given: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑧, at point (2, −1,1) find 𝛻𝑓.
𝛻𝑓 2, −1,1 = 4𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 4𝑘
Find the gradient of the scalar field.
𝑉 = 𝑒 −𝑧 sin 2𝑥 cosh 𝑦
2𝑒 −𝑧 cos 2𝑥 cosh 𝑦 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑧 sin 2𝑥 sinh 𝑦 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑧 sin 2𝑥 cosh 𝑦 𝑎𝑧
Find the gradient of the scalar field.
𝑈 = 𝜌2 𝑧 cos 2𝜙
2𝜌𝑧 cos 2𝜙 𝑎𝜌 − 2𝜌𝑧 sin 2𝜙 𝑎𝜙 + 𝜌2 cos 2𝜙 𝑎𝑧
Find the gradient of the scalar field.
𝑊 = 10𝑟 sin2 θ cos 𝜙
10 sin2 θ cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑟 + 10 sin 2θ cos 𝜙 𝑎θ − 10 sin θ sin 𝜙 𝑎𝜙
 2 2 d𝑊
Given 𝑊 = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧, compute 𝛻𝑊 and the direction in
𝑑𝑙
the direction 3𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑦 + 12𝑎𝑧 at 2, −1, 0 .
4𝑎𝑥 − 8𝑎𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑧
44
−
13
The divergence of A at a given point P is the outward flux per
unit volume as the volume shrinks about P.
‫ 𝑆ׯ‬A ∙ 𝑑𝐒
div A = 𝛻 ∙ A = lim
∆𝑣→0 ∆𝑣
Where:
∆𝑣 – is the volume enclosed by the closed surface S in which P is
located.
‫ 𝑆ׯ‬A ∙ 𝑑𝐒 - is the net outflow of flux of a vector field A from a
closed surface S.
The divergence of A at a given point P is the outward flux per
unit volume as the volume shrinks about P.
a) Positive divergence
@ source point
b) Negative divergence
or convergence @
sink point
c) Zero divergence
In Cartesian coordinates:
𝜕𝐴𝑥 𝜕𝐴𝑦 𝜕𝐴𝑧
𝛻∙A= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
In cylindrical coordinates:
1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝐴𝜙 𝜕𝐴𝑧
𝛻∙A= 𝜌𝐴𝜌 + +
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧
In spherical coordinates:
1 𝜕 2 1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝐴𝜙
𝛻∙A= 2 𝑟 𝐴𝑟 + 𝐴θ sin θ +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin θ 𝜕θ 𝑟 sin θ 𝜕𝜙
Divergence theorem is also known as the Gauss-Ostrogradsky
theorem.
ර A ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = න 𝛻 ∙ 𝐀𝑑𝑣
𝑆 𝒗
The divergence theorem states that the total outward flux of a
vector field A through the closed surface S is the same as the
volume integral of the divergence of A.
Determine the divergence of the vector field
P = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧𝑎𝑧
2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥
Determine the divergence of the vector field
Q = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 𝑎𝜌 + 𝜌2 𝑧𝑎𝜙 + 𝑧 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑧
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 + cos 𝜙
Determine the divergence of the vector field
1
T = 2 cos θ 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑟 sin θ cos 𝜙 𝑎θ + cos θ 𝑎𝜙
𝑟
2 cos θ cos 𝜙
Determine the divergence of the vector field and evaluate
them at the specified point.
A = 𝑦𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦𝑎𝑦 + 𝑦𝑎𝑧 at (1, -2, 3)
4𝑥, 4
Determine the divergence of the vector field and evaluate
them at the specified point.
𝐵 = 𝜌𝑧 sin 𝜙 𝑎𝜌 + 3𝜌𝑧 2 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝜙 at (5, 𝜋/2, 1)
2 − 3𝑧 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙, -1
Determine the divergence of the vector field and evaluate
them at the specified point.
C = 2𝑟 cos θ cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑟1/2 𝑎𝜙 at (1, 𝜋/6, 𝜋/3)
6 cos θ cos 𝜙, 2.598
If G 𝑟 = 10𝑒 −2𝑧 𝜌𝑎𝜌 + 𝑎𝑧 , determine the flux of G out of the
entire surface of the cylinder 𝜌 = 1, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1 using the
divergence theorem.
0
Determine the flux of D = 𝜌2 cos 2 𝜙 𝑎𝜌 + 𝑧 sin 𝜙 𝑎𝜙 , over the
closed surface of the cylinder 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1, 𝜌 = 4, using the
divergence theorem.
64𝜋
1. PE 3.3
2. PE 3.4
3. Dfgdfgd
4. sdlkfsdl;f
1.