BIOMASS

WHAT IS A BIOMASS?

Biomass is an organic material

produced by plants and living things.
Biomass is a product of natural resources
viz. land, water, air, and sun’s energy, gives
much hope as an alternative, reliable and
renewable source of energy.
BIOMASS CLASSIFICATION
(According to sources)

1. Agricultural Crop Residues

2. Agro-Industrial Process Residues

3. Plantations
 Characteristics of Biomass:
Agricultural Calorific Moisture Ash (%)
waste value (% wt. Basis)
(kcal/kg)
Rice Straw 3000 10.2 20.1
Wheat Straw 3800 9.2 18.8
Cotton sticks 3300 12.0 13.5
Maize stalks 3850 11.2 17.5
Pearl Miller Husk 3626 - -
Groundnut husk 4200 12.1 1.3
Castor stalks 4767 - -
Castor shell 3665 - -
Mustard shell 4034 - -
Mustard stalk 3948 - -
Gram straw 3950 9.2 13.2
 Biomass Potential and Prospectus:

 India is a tropical Country blessed with sunshine and rains and this
offers an idea environment for biomass production.
 The vast agricultural potential also makes available huge agro-residues
to meet the energy needs.
 Estimated production of about 540 million tonnes of agricultural waste
every year, biomass is capable of supplementing the coal to the tune of
about 340 million tonnes per year. This can result in a saving of about
Rs. 320 billion every year.
 Govt. Of India has estimated power potential of 16000 MW by using
biomass.
 Advantages :
 Biomass can be converted into a electric power by
burning it in a steam boiler electric system and it
can be converted into liquid or gaseous fuel.
 This high versatility of biomass makes it best
suited for verity of technologies.
 Availability of biomass in almost all geographical
location.
 Effective and wider range of energy generation
from a few kilo watts to several Mega Watts.
 Amenable to storage.
 Advantages:

 It is CO2 neutral and this environmentally benign.

Reduce the drain of foreign currency.
Rural employment generation.
 Low capital investment, low gestation and
hence quick payback.
 Biomass energy plantation/production is
quite reliable.
 Problems associated with biomass for power
generation:
 Labour intensive and dispersed in large areas.
 Specific energy content is lower.
 High moisture content.
 Biomass collection and handling requires large network.
 Light ash an atmospheric pollutant.
 Dust and health hazards.
 Transportation, biomass occupies a large area due to low
bulk density (30kg/m3 - 80 kg/m3).
 Seasonal availability.
 Heat value is 17.5 Giga Joules per tonne of biomass
compared to 30 to 35 GJ/tonne of bituminous coal and 23
to 26 GJ/tonne of lignite.
 BIOMASS

• Biomass is organic matter produced by plants,

both terrestrial and aquatic and their derivatives.
• Biomass is commonly plant matter grown to
generate electricity or produce heat.
Solar energy → Photosynthesis→ Biomass →
Energy generation.
• Biomass (plant material) is a renewable energy
source because the energy it contains comes
from the sun.
 BIOMASS SOURCES

• Biomass in its traditional solid mass (wood and

agriculture residue). It is burnt directly to get the
energy.
• Biomass in non-traditional form (converted into
liquid-fuels). It is converted into ethanol (ethyl
alcohol) and methanol (methyl-alcohol) to be
used as liquid fuels in engines.
• Fermentation of biomass anaerobically to obtain
a gaseous fuel called bio gas.
 THE BIOMASS RESOURCES
1. Concentrated wastes:
(1) Municipal solid
(2) Sewage wood product
(3) Industrial waste
(4) Manure at large lots.

2. Dispersed waste residue:

(1) Crop residue
(2) Logging residue
(3) Disposed manner

3. Harvested biomass:
(1) Standing biomass
(2) Biomass energy plantations.
• Biomass conversion process: The
following processes are used for the biomass
conversion to energy or bio fuels :
1. Direct combustion.
2. Thermo chemical conversion.
3. Biochemical conversion
 THERMAL CONVERSION

• These are processes in which heat is the dominant

mechanism to convert the biomass into another
chemical form. The basic alternatives are separated
principally by the extent to which the chemical
reactions involved are allowed to proceed:
Combustion, Torrefaction, Pyrolysis, Gasification.
 CHEMICAL CONVERSION

• A range of chemical processes may be used to

convert biomass into other forms, such as to
produce a fuel that is more conveniently used,
transported or stored, or to exploit some
property of the process itself.
 BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION
• Biomass is a natural material, many highly
efficient biochemical processes have developed
in nature to break down the molecules of which
biomass is composed, and many of these
biochemical conversion processes can be
harnessed. Biochemical conversion makes use of
the enzymes of bacteria and other micro-
organisms to break down biomass. In most cases
micro-organisms are used to perform the
conversion process: anaerobic digestion,
fermentation and composting.
1)Wet process
a)Anaerobic digestion
b)Fermentation
c)Chemical reduction

2)Dry process
a)Pyrolysis
b)Gasification
c)Liquefaction
d)Steam gasification
e)Hydrogeneration
 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
• It is a series of processes in which
microorganisms break down biodegradable
material in the absence of oxygen and is widely
used to treat wastewater. As part of an integrated
waste management system, anaerobic digestion
reduces the emission of landfill gas into the
atmosphere. Anaerobic digestion is widely used
as a renewable energy source because the
process produces a methane and carbon dioxide
rich biogas suitable for energy production helping
replace fossil fuels.
 The key process stages of anaerobic
digestion
• There are four key biological and chemical
stages of anaerobic digestion:
Hydrolysis
Acidogensis
Acetogenesis
Methanogenesis
• Hydrolysis:- The process of breaking these
chains and dissolving the smaller molecules
into solution is called hydrolysis.
• Acidogenesis:- The biological process of
acidogenesis is where there is further
breakdown of the remaining components by
acidogenic (fermentative) bacteria.
• Acetogenesis:- The third stage anaerobic
digestion is acetogenesis. Here simple molecules
created through the acidogenesis phase are
further digested by acetogens to produce largely
acetic acid as well as carbon dioxide and
hydrogen.
• Methanogenesis:-The terminal stage of
anaerobic digestion is the biological process of
methanogenesis. Here methanogens utilise the
intermediate products of the preceding stages
and convert them into methane, carbon dioxide
and water.
 FERMENTATION

Fermentation is the process of deriving energy

from the oxidation of organic compounds, such
as carbohydrates, and using an endogenous
electron acceptor, which is usually an organic
compound. Fermentation is important in
anaerobic conditions when there is no oxidative
phosphorylation to maintain the production of
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) by glycolysis.
During fermentation, pyruvate is metabolised to
various different compounds.
 CHEMICAL REDUCTION
It is the least developed of the wet biomass
conversion processes. It involves pressure-
cooking animal wastes or plant cellulosic slurry
with an alkaline catalyst in the presence of
carbon monoxide at temperatures between
250°C and 400°C. Under these conditions the
organic material is converted into a mixture of
oils with a yield approaching 50%. If the pressure
is reduced and the temperature increased, the
product is a high calorific value gas.
 DRY PROCESSES
Pyrolysis:A wide range of energy-rich fuels can be
produced by the roasting dry woody matter like straw
and wood-chips. The material is fed into a reactor
vessel or retort in a pulverized or shredded form and
heated in the absence of air. As the temperature rises
the cellulose and lignin break down to simpler
substances which are driven off leaving a char residue
behind. This process has been used for centuries to
produce charcoal.

Gasification: Pyrolysis of wet biomass produces fuel gas

and very little liquid. An alternative technique for
maximizing gas yields is to blow small quantities of air
or oxygen into the reactor vessel and to increase the
temperature to over 1000°C
• Liquefication: Liquid yields are maximized by rapid
heating of feedstock to comparatively low
temperatures. The vapors are condensed from the
gas stream and these separate into a two phase
liquor: the aqueous phase (pyroligneous acid)
contains a soup of water-soluble organic materials
like acetic acid, acetone and methanol (wood
alcohol); the non aqueous phase consists of oils and
tars.
• Steam Gasification: Methane is produced directly
from woody matter by treatment at high
temperatures and pressures with hydrogen gas. The
hydrogen can be added or, more commonly,
generated in the reactor vessel from carbon
monoxide and steam.
• Hydrogeneration: Under less severe
conditions of temperature and pressure (300-
400°C and 100 atmospheres), carbon
monoxide and steam react with cellulose to
produce heavy oils which can be separated
and refined to premium fuels
 BIOGAS
• Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the
biological breakdown of organic matter in the
absence of oxygen.
• Biogas if produced by anaerobic digestion or
fermentation then this type of biogas comprises
primarily methane and carbon dioxide and if it is
produced by gasification of wood or other
biomass then this type of gas consists primarily of
nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide, with
trace amounts of methane.
 Biogas Applications

• Biogas is a flammable fuel gas with 60% CH4 and

rest CO2. The gas can be upgraded by removal of
CO2 with water scrubbing and the gas with high
heating value can be used in IC Engine.

The main Application of biogas are:

(1)Cooking.
(2) Domestic lighting and heating.
(3) I.C. engine
(4) fuel cells
 Types of biogas plants :

• Continuous type:
-- Single stage type
-- `Double stage type
• Batch Type
• Fixed dome type
• Modified fixed dome type
• Flexible bag type & Floating dome type
• Floating dome type
Gaseous fuel Technology

31
 Gasification Technology

• Gobar gas Production

• Biogas

• Synthesis gas

32
 Gasification
• A process that uses heat, pressure, and steam to
convert materials directly into a gas composed
primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

• Gasification technologies rely four key engineering

factors
1. Gasification reactor atmosphere (level of oxygen or
air content).
2. Reactor design.
3. Internal and external heating.
4. Operating temperature.

33
 Gasification
• Typical raw materials - coal, petroleum-based
materials, and organic materials.

• The feedstock is prepared and fed, in either dry or

slurried form, into a sealed reactor chamber called a
gasifier.

• The feedstock is subjected to high heat, pressure,

and either an oxygen-rich or oxygen-starved
environment within the gasifier.

34
Raw Materials for
Gasification

35
 Gasification
• Products of gasification :
* Hydrocarbon gases (also called syngas).
* Hydrocarbon liquids (oils).
* Char (carbon black and ash).

• Syngas is primarily carbon monoxide and

hydrogen (more than 85 percent by
volume) and smaller quantities of carbon
dioxide and methane

36
Gasifier Plant

37
Gasifier Plant

38
 Types of Gasifiers

• Updraft Gasifier

39
 Types of Gasifiers

• Downdraft Gasifier

40
 Types of Gasifiers

• Twin-fire Gasifier

41
 Types of Gasifiers

• Cross draft gas

producers

42
 Gobar gas
• Gobar gas production is an anaerobic
process

• Fermentation is carried out in an air tight,

closed cylindrical concrete tank called a
digester

43
44
45
Disadvantages of biogas
a.) The main disadvantage is the loss of the
organic waste for compost or fertilizer
b.) Very limited in the quantity of electricity it
can produce on the global scale
c.)There is little or no control on the rate of
gas production, although the gas can, to some
extent be stored and used as required
Advantages of biogas
a.)Uses a renewable fuel
b.)Non-polluting
c.)Waste is disposed of at the same time and
in the same operation
d.)Consumes methane that might otherwise
leak into the atmosphere and increase the
greenhouse effect.
e.)Biogas can also be used on a small scale,
e.g. a pig farm.
Composition of biomass
Advantages of Biomass
• Widespread availability in many parts of the world
• Contribution to the security of energy supplies
• Generally low fuel cost compared with fossil fuels
• Biomass as a resource can be stored in large amounts, and
bioenergy produced on demand
• Creation of stable jobs, especially in rural areas
• Developing technologies and knowledge base offers
opportunities for technology exports
• Carbon dioxide mitigation and other emission reductions
(SOx, etc.)
 Economic benefits

• Rural economies will grow because of the

development of a local industry to convert
biomass to either electricity or transportation
fuel.
• Farmers will see their income rise thanks to
these new markets -- for both agricultural
wastes and crops that can be grown sustain
ably on marginal land.
 Environmental Benefits
•Reduction of waste
• Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases
compared to fossil fuels
• Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the
carbon cycle
• Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity
Drawbacks of Biomass

• Generally low energy content

• Competition for the resource with food, feed,
and material applications like particle board or
paper
• Generally higher investment costs for
conversion into final energy in comparison
with fossil alternatives
 Biofuel Applications: Liquids

• Ethanol and Butanol: can be

used in gasoline engines either at
low blends (up to 10%), in high
blends in Flexible Fuel Vehicles or in
pure form in adapted engines

• Biodiesel: can be used, both

blended with fossil diesel and in
pure form. Its acceptance by car
manufacturers is growing
 Bioheat Applications
• Small-scale heating systems for
households typically use
firewood or pellets
• Medium-scale users typically
burn wood chips in grate boilers

• Large-scale boilers are able to

burn a larger variety of fuels,
including wood waste and
refuse-derived fuel
Biomass Boiler

(for more info: Dr. Harold M. Keener, OSU Wooster, E-mail keener.3@osu.edu)
Bioelectricity Applications

• Co-generation: Combustion
followed by a water vapor
cycle driven turbine engine is
the main technology at
present

• Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs):

Direct conversion of biomass
to electricity
 Microbial fuel cells (MFCs)

PEM

Electrons flow from an anode through a resistor to a cathode

where electron acceptors are reduced. Protons flow across a
proton exchange membrane (PEM) to complete the circuit.
Basic requirements of a Multi fuel
Fired Biomass Boiler
Basic Requirements of a Multi Fuel Fired Biomass
Fired Boiler
Liberal Grate Area
• For Efficient combustion of fuel
• To be designed considering worst fuel.

Higher Furnace volume and cross section

• Decrease the flue gas velocity & reduces fuel carry over
• Lesser localized combustion in the upper furnace.

Taller furnace and adequate residence time

• Better combustion of various fuels.
• Less Flue gas temperature at superheater inlet to avoid fouling due to alkalies in ash (Na2O +
K2O) and corrosion of SH due to chlorides in ash.
Basic Requirements of a Multi Fuel Fired Biomass
Fired Boiler
Higher heating surface areas
• To take care of vide variations in GCV & moisture content in various fuels.
Fuel Analysis Ash Analysis

Paddy Rice Coconut Cotton Paddy Rice Coconut Cotton

Bagasse Bagasse
Straw Husk Husk Stalk Straw Husk Husk Stalk
SiO2 69.88 66.2 91.44 32.04 6.42
Carbon 23.50 44.7 39.6 39.4 45.67
SO3 0.08 2.91 0.4 - 7.8
Hydrogen 3.40 3.94 4.45 4.86 3.85 CaO 4.75 4.15 1.42 17.25 26.64
Nitrogen 0.00 0.47 2.55 2.12 0.1 MgO 2.83 3.65 - 22.73 1.84
Ash 1.50 15.87 17.4 7.36 4.48 Fe2O3 6.49 0.18 0.28 0.39 0.37
Al2O3 9.10 0.34 - 0.21 18.72
Moisture 50.00 5.52 3.6 13.33 13.89
Na2O 1.22 0.54 - 18.91 4.52
Sulphur 0.05 0.96 0.1 0.08 0.16 K2O 2.79 18.88 4.3 2.94 23.21
Oxygen 21.55 28.54 32.3 32.85 31.85 Ti O2 - 0.15 0.04 0.02 0.04
GCV Cl - 2.46 - 0.01 0.72
2270 3400 3250 3602 3740
[Kcal/Kg] P2O5 2.01 0.54 - - 4.23
Others 0.85 0.08 - 5.5 5.5
IDT 1150 700 1100 750 800
Basic Requirements of a Multi Fuel Fired Biomass
Fired Boiler
Higher grade MOC of Superheaters ( i.e. Alloy Steel, SS 347H)
• Extremely fouling fuels like paddy straw, coconut frond & leaves etc.

Wide pitching of Superheater and economizers

• Eliminates bridging of ash between the tubes.

Higher Back end temperature and feed water temperature at economiser inlet
• Takes care of low dew point temperature of flue gas in fuels with high Sulphur content.

Adequate nos. of Soot blowers

• Effective cleaning of superheater & economiser.
Basic Requirements of a Multi Fuel Fired Biomass
Fired Boiler
 Continuous Ash Discharge Travelling Grate Stoker
• Rugged, Efficient & Easy to maintain.
• Provides Mutli fuel firing capability Rear seal jacket

Fire door Air vanes Rear Shaft

Front Shaft Grate bar

Sprocket Idler
Rear
Inspection
door
Ash

Grate bar Retainer Chain

Mechanism
Return chain support roller
Basic Requirements of a Multi Fuel Fired Biomass
Fired Boiler
Flow configuration and arrangement for Superheaters
• Selected to avoid high metal temperature in superheater

Conventional Boiler Biomass Fired Boiler

Basic requirements of a Multi Fuel Fired Biomass
Boilers
Fuel feeding system
• Selected as per the physical properties of fuels like size, bulk density, flowability etc.

Screw
Feeder

Typical Arrangement for Fuel Feeding for Biomass

fired Boiler
Basic requirements of a Multi Fuel Fired Biomass
Boilers

Suitable valley angle

• Avoids choking of ash in hoppers

Suitable margins in fans

• Takes care of varied air requirement for various fuels

Minimum bends in ducting

• Minimum pressure drop to reduce the power loss.

Sufficient Insulation density

• Minimize the radiation loss.

VFDs with fuel feeders for better control of fuel feeding.

Basic
.
requirements of a Multi Fuel Fired Biomass
Boilers
Comparison between a typical Bagasse fired Boiler & Biomass fired Boiler

Conventional Bagasse
Particulars Biomass fired Boiler
fired Boiler
50 TPH, 67 kg/cm2, 50 TPH, 67 kg/cm2,
Boiler Parameters
510 Deg C 475 Deg C
Grate Area (m2) 23.70 28.15
Furnace Exist Gas temp. (Deg C) 880 775
Furnace Height (meter) 16.5 19
Superheater Area (meter2) 581 712
Superheater pitch (mm) 110/132 154 / 132
Schematic Diagram of Single Drum & Bi Drum Boiler

Single Drum Design Travelling Grate Boiler Bi-Drum Design Travelling Grate Boiler
 Reciprocating Grate Boilers
 For firing Straw fuels, Municipal solid waste,
Empty Fruit Bunch, Forest wastes etc.
• High turbulence in fuel for better combustion.
• Better fuel spreading & uniform Air Distribution
throughout the grate.

• Choking of grate holes is avoided.

• Negligible chance of grate overheating.
Open Bottom Hopper AFBC Boiler Design

Open Bottom Hopper Design

Open Bottom Hopper Boilers are
used for firing :
– high fouling fuels
– fuels having very high ash,
– low GCV
– high moisture
which cannot be fired in
conventional AFBC Boiler.
Open Bottom Hopper AFBC Boiler Design
 Slop fired Boiler

• Slop / Spent Wash is a effluent (Process Waste) from molasses based Distillery.
This effluent is hazardous for direct disposal to environment.

• Challenges for Firing Slop in Conventional Boilers – High deposition, High

corrosion, High slagging, lower life.

• 1st of its kind, specially designed slop fired boiler to fire concentrated effluent
from distillery.

• Best solution to meet Pollution norms of Zero liquid discharge.

• Meet requirement of captive power & process steam.

 Slop fired Boiler
Typical Arrangement
 India - Potential and cumulative
achievements
• The current potential of surplus agro and forest residues
to energy is estimated at 16,881 MW along with an
additional “waste-to-energy” potential of 2,700 MW.
• The cumulative installed capacity, of grid-interactive
biomass and Bagasse cogeneration power was 1,870.83
MW only.
• Under the 11th Plan period (2007-12) the Government of
India plans to add as much as 1700 MW through biomass
and Bagasse cogeneration in various states
• India encourages ethanol as a fuel for automobiles and
Regulations provide for the mandatory blending of 5% of
ethanol with petrol
Biomass Cogeneration
Technology in India
 Potential & Status,
Bagasse Cogeneration in Sugar Mills
• All India potential, 7000 MW (650 sugar mills)
• Achievements as of September 30, 2012, 2250
MW (200 projects)
• Under construction, 750 MW (50 projects)
• Total, 3000 MW (250 projects), 43% penetration
• Private sector leading in States like UP, Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh
 Potential & Status,
Bagasse Cogeneration in Sugar Mills
(contd.)
• Co-operatives leading in Maharashtra & Tamil
Nadu
• Own investment & BOOT models established
• Conducive CERC / SERC orders, CDM, REC &
power trade, the key drivers
• Results of promotional measures, mainly by
MNRE
 Technology Status,
Bagasse Cogeneration in Sugar
Mills
• Conventional rankine cycle technology
• Own / saved bagasse, biomass & coal used as
primary fuels, during season & off season of the
sugar mills
• Travel grate type boilers designed for multi-fuel
operations
• High pressure / temperature steam generated
and expanded through back pressure or double
extraction cum condensing TG set
 Technology Status,
Bagasse Cogeneration in Sugar
Mills (contd.)
• Medium pressure steam at 8 kg/cm2 pressure
used for HP heater & process requirements
• Back pressure steam at 1.5 kg/cm2 pressure
used for process requirements & de-aerator
• Balance steam condensed through the
condenser
• Power generated during season used for cogen
plant auxiliaries, sugar / by-product process &
balance exported to the grid
 Technology Status,
Bagasse Cogeneration in Sugar
Mills (contd.)
• Power generated during off season used for
cogen plant auxiliaries, by-products, colony &
balance exported to grid
• Steam to fuel ratios range from 2.4 kg/kg to 2.65
kg/kg
• Steam to power ratios range from 5.2 – 5.6 kg/kw
during season & 3.6 – 4.0 kg/kw during off season
• PLF, 55 – 60% during season & 90% during off
season
 Technology Status,
Bagasse Cogeneration in Sugar
Mills (contd.)
• Boiler efficiencies, 68-72% on bagasse & 80%
on coal
• TG efficiency of 90%
• Station heat rates, 3600 – 3800 kcal/kwh
• Capex, Rs. 5.25 crore / MW for cogen power
plant & Rs. 1.0 – 1.5 crore / MW for concurrent
sugar factory modernization
• O&M, 3-5%
 Technology Status,
Bagasse Cogeneration in Sugar
Mills (contd.)
Main packages
• Boiler & auxiliaries
• Turbine, generator & auxiliaries
• Cooling tower or ACC
• Fuel & ash handling
• Electrical distribution / evacuation
• Water treatment plant
• Civil works
 Technology Status,
Bagasse Cogeneration in Sugar
Mills (contd.)
Main packages (contd.)
• Plant DCS
• EOT crane
• AC & ventilation system
• Air compressor
• DG set
• Interface HP / MP / LP steam, cooling water, DM
water & compressed air piping
• Fire fighting
 Technology Status,
Bagasse Cogeneration in Sugar Mills (contd.)

110 828 105 826.3

97 540 96.51 535
BOILER TO GSC & SJAE
0.49 TPH 20 MW 18.65 MW
36.60 TPH 100 TPH
BAGASSE 110 Kg/Cm2 STEAM
25 748 TURBINE GEN.
540°C
11.64 359 B B
BLOW
DOWN
150 226 1 TPH 0.1 580
0.19 TPH 1.26 TPH
98 220 704.5 2.5 659 7.45
8 8 704.5 J 40
I
9.7 249 8 700.5 15.51 249 61.92 150
6 180
M.P. STEAM TO
ETHANOL PLANT
HP
HEATER 2.5 659 - 40
FLASH RECOVERY 0.5 TPH
NO 2 600 40
58.33 150
152 169 L.P. STEAM TO CW OUTLET
98 2.5 659 SUGAR FACTORY
166 - 228
SURFACE
11.64 222 4.85 150 - 32
HP CONDENSER
HEATER 600 32
NO 1 CW INLET
4 124.5
9.7 124.5
HOT
A WELL 0.49 TPH
7.94 TPH FROM SJAE & GSC
154 116
CONDENSATE RETURN FROM DEAERATOR
98 115
SUGAR FACTORY 55.4 TPH, 95°C SJAE
G.S.C. COND.
FEED WATER
DM WATER
MAKE UP

TANK CEP

64.82 TPH LEGENDS :-

4 33 G.S.C. - GLAND STEAM COOLER LEGEND :-
9.42 33 TRANSFER SJAE - STEAM JET AIR EJECTOR
PUMP PRESSURE ENTHALPY
CEP - CONDENSATE EXTRACTION PUMP
BFP - BOILER FEED PUMP Kg/Cm 2 Kcal/Kg
MP - MEDIUM PRESSURE FLOW TEMP.
LP - LOW PRESSURE TPH °C
BFP CW - COOLING WATER
TPH - TONNES PER HOUR
4 116 10 116
1.26 115 0.19 115 - PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE
J I
 Technology Status,
Bagasse Cogeneration in Sugar Mills (contd.)

110 828 105 826.3

82 540 81.59 535
BOILER TO GSC & SJAE
0.41 TPH 20 MW
30.94 TPH 100 TPH 20 MW
BAGASSE 110 Kg/Cm2 STEAM
25 748 TURBINE GEN.
540°C
9.84 359 B B
BLOW
DOWN
150 226
0.8 TPH 0.14 580
0.11 TPH
82.8 220 2.5 659
8 704.5 8 704.5 52.21 54
J
8 700.5 0.28 TPH 5.63 150
8.2 249 13.92 249
I
6 180
M.P. STEAM TO
ETHANOL PLANT
HP
HEATER - 40
FLASH RECOVERY 0.4 TPH
NO 2 4300 40
152 169 CW OUTLET

82.8 166 - 228 2.5 659

SURFACE
9.84 222 5.74 150 - 32
HP CONDENSER
HEATER 4300 32
NO 1 CW INLET
4 124.5
8.2 124.5
HOT
A WELL 0.41 TPH
52.62 TPH
FROM SJAE & GSC
154 116
CONDENSATE RETURN FROM DEAERATOR
82.8 115
SUGAR FACTORY 0 TPH, 95°C SJAE
G.S.C. COND.
FEED WATER
DM WATER
MAKE UP

TANK CEP

6.4 TPH
4 33 LEGENDS :- LEGEND :-
6.4 33 TRANSFER G.S.C. - GLAND STEAM COOLER
PUMP PRESSURE ENTHALPY
SJAE - STEAM JET AIR EJECTOR
Kg/Cm 2 Kcal/Kg
CEP - CONDENSATE EXTRACTION PUMP
BFP - BOILER FEED PUMP FLOW TEMP.
MP - MEDIUM PRESSURE TPH °C
BFP LP - LOW PRESSURE
CW - COOLING WATER
4 116 4 116
TPH - TONNES PER HOUR
0.11 115 0.28 115
J I - PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE
 Technology Status,
Bagasse Cogeneration in Sugar
Mills (contd.)
• Extra high pressure boiler (87 kg/cm2 pressure
& 110 kg/cm2 pressure), commercialized
• Matching back pressure, single / double
extraction cum condensing type TG sets,
commercialized
• Air cooled condensers and RO type water
treatment plants for overcoming water quality
and availability issues, commercialized
 Technology Status,
Bagasse Cogeneration in Sugar Mills
(contd.)
• Plant DCS, VFDs, ACVFD drives, grid
synchronization, etc. technologies,
commercialized
• Extended off season by utilization of cane trash
& other biomass materials, getting progressively
commercialized
• Equipment, technology & services available
indigenously
 Potential & Status,
Biomass Power in Industries (Non
Bagasse)
• All India potential, 18000 MW from agro waste
materials (excluding sugar mills)
• Potential will explode with energy plantation on
waste lands for power generation
• Achievements as of September 30, 2012, 1250
MW (160 projects) & under construction, 250 MW
(20 projects), only 8% penetration
• Conducive CERC / SERC orders, CDM, REC &
power trade, the key drivers
• Results of promotional measures, mainly by
MNRE
 Technology Status,
Biomass Power in Industries (Non
Bagasse)
• Conventional rankine cycle technology, similar to
bagasse cogen
• Extra high pressure boiler (67 kg/cm2 pressure &
87 kg/cm2 pressure), commercialized
• Variety of biomass materials established, although
fuel linkage difficult
• Equipment, technology & services available
indigenously
• Independent biomass power plant models
established, yet captive power plants in industries
through biomass in experimental stages
Key Issues for Accelerated Development
• Continuation of MNRE / MoF fiscal & financial support
• Rationalization of tariffs, other provisions of ERC
orders & adequate hikes due to rise in capital &
operating costs
• Consideration capex for essential sugar mill
modernization for tariff determination
• Demonstration & commercialization of fuel linkage
mechanisms & energy plantation models
• Capacity building & information Dissemination
• Technology development / demonstration, difficult
biomass materials like paddy straw, mustard husk
• Level playing field for CDM, REC & power trade
Key Areas, Co-operation with ASEAN
Countries & India
• Engineering / consultancy services
• Technology transfer & equipment / EPC supply
• O&M contracts
• Financing, equity & debt
• Capacity building
• Information dissemination
 BIO FUELS

THE WORLD SCENARIO

90
Policy Objectives
Some Asian countries have come up with clear mission/policy objectives
statement on renewable energy (RE).
China: Raising efficiency and reducing cost in order to boost the share of
RE in national energy supply.
India: Meeting minimum rural energy needs, provision of decentralised
energy needs and grid quality power generation and supply.
In all study countries RE is now recognised as important for providing energy
services, particularly in remote and rural areas.
 Biomass/RE Policy analysis : Policy Highlights

Institutional Structure
China: several government entities are involved in renewable energy planning and
development; these include the State Development and Planning Commission
(SDPC), the State Economic and Trade Commission (SETC) and the Ministry of
Science and Technology (MoST).
India: a separate Ministry (MNES) for overall planning and programme formulation.
Malaysia: a number of organizations are responsible for formulating policies for RE
development.
 Biomass/RE Policy analysis : Policy Highlights

Philippines: Department of Energy (DOE) formulates energy policies. The Non-

Conventional Energy Division of DOE is responsible for RE development in
collaboration with a number of other national energy related agencies.
Thailand: National Energy Policy Office formulates policy on energy, including
renewable energy while the Department of Energy Development and Promotion
(DEDP) implements the policies.
Sri Lanka: There is no specific government body responsible for promoting renewable
energy in Sri Lanka. Ministry of Irrigation, Power and Energy (MIPE) and Ministry of
Forest and Environment (MFE) mainly deal with Biomass.
 Biomass/RE Policy analysis : Policy Highlights

Fiscal and Financial Incentives

Investment subsidy is provided to all major renewable energy technologies and is also
available to a lesser extent in China and Thailand.
In India, 100% depreciation in the first year is allowed for certain equipment. Other
fiscal incentives available in India include exemption/reduction in excise duty, and
customs duty concessions on imports. Tax incentives for biomass energy projects are
also available in Malaysia, China and Thailand.
Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs)
Provisions for PPAs are quite well established in India, China and Thailand. Wind
farms in China have a right to sell electricity to the grid at a price giving them a
reasonable profit even if the price is higher than the grid’s average price level.
 Biomass/RE Policy analysis : Policy Highlights
Research and Development
Improved cookstove programs have been undertaken in practically all countries.
Relatively less has been done regarding traditional biomass energy systems in rural
industries. In Asia, only India and China have achieved some success in R&D efforts
on modern biomass energy systems.
Not much is being done in areas of high technology in biomass energy, e.g., flash
pyrolysis of biomass, production of ethanol from lingo-cellulosic materials, and
integrated gasification combined cycle.
 Biomass/RE Policy analysis : Barriers to BETs

Modern biomass energy technologies (BETs) face a number of barriers: technical,

institutional, informational, and financial.
Technical Barriers
Some of the modern BETs need further R&D efforts.
Other barriers include: lack of standardisation, lack of local
expertise/manufacturers/agents, lack maintenance service, and technology-
specific problems.
 Biomass/RE Policy analysis : Barriers to BETs

Institutional Barriers
These include lack of co-ordination among concerned government agencies, poor
state and capability of national research institutes, and lack of micro-credit
financing mechanisms.
Information Barriers
Main barriers are lack of enough information on national biomass resource base,
and lack of information on currently commercial/mature BETs.
Financial Barriers
Main barriers are lack of investment in the field of bioenergy, and perceived risks of
bioenergy systems.
 Ranking of Biomass Energy Technologies
The ranking of BETs helps policy makers to focus better on a few most important
technologies. Developing a suitable strategy for promoting bioenergy would involve
removal of the most important barriers to these technologies.
In this study several BETs were ranked using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
based on the following criteria:
 Potential to make socio-economic impact,
 Potential to meet overall national energy needs, and
 Potential to attract investment (domestic and external)
Improved and modern biomass-based cooking and electricity generation technologies
have been found to be the most important BETs.
Table 5:Overall ranking of Biomass Energy Technologies

Overall Biomass Energy Technologies

ranking
China India Philippines Sri Lanka Thailand
1 ICS BGP BMSPP BIGCC ICS
2 BGC BMG BIGCC BMSPP BGC
3 COGEN B-COGEN BGC BGPG GBPH
4 BGPG ICS BGPG IK/S BMSPP
5 GBPG ICS ICS COGEN
6 GBPH GBPH B-COGEN BGPH/PG
7 BMSPP B-COGEN GBPH
8 ICSPH BGC
Legend: BMG: Biomass gasifiers;
B-COGEN:Bagasse-based cogeneration; BMSPP: Biomass fired steam power plant;
BGC: Biogas for cooking; COGEN: Cogeneration;
BGP: Biogas plants; GBPH: Gasification based process heat;
ICS: Improved cookstoves;
BGPG: Biogas for power generation; ICSPH: Improved stoves for process heat;
BIGCC: Biomass integrated gasification IK/S: Improved kilns/stoves
combined cycle;
Ranking of barriers to biomass energy technologies

The barriers to the spread of a number of BETs were ranked in the study countries
using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on the following criteria:
•‘impact’ the removal of the barrier would have on the spread of the technology,
and
• ‘level of effort’ needed to overcome the barrier.
[Only the results on the barriers to improved cookstoves (common to all country
studies) are presented here.]
High initial cost, lack of performance assurance/standards, and lack of micro-credit
financing mechanisms are the most important barriers to improved cookstove
commercialisation.
Table 4: Overall ranking of barriers to the spread of improved
cookstoves
Overall Barriers
ranking China India Philippines Sri Lanka Thailand
1 LoPA HIC HIC LoLE HIC
2 LoMCFM DGL LoLAHPD LoPAS LoMCFM

3 HIC LoPA LoPA LoCAGA SFF

4 LoLAHPD LoLE LoLE LoLaHPD LoPA
5 LoLE LoLAHPD LoCAGA LoMCFM LOCAGA
6 SFF LoA&I LoMCFM HIC LoLE
7 LoCAGA SFF SFF LoLAHPD
Legend:
DGL: Difficulty in getting loans;
HIC: High Intial Cost;
LoA&I : Lack of awareness/information on improved stoves,incentives, subsidies available
LoCAGA: Lack of coordination among government agencies;
LoLAHPD:Lack of local availability of high performance devices;
LoLE: Lack of local expertise/know-how, skills;
LoMCFM: Lack of micro-credit financing mechanism;
LoPA: Lack of Performance assurance/standards;
SFF: Subsidy to fossil fuels/electricity;
 BRAZIL

World leader in production and export of ethanol.

Ethanol produced per day equivalent to 200,000 barrels
of gasoline.
24% blend ethanol mandatory.
Competitiveness
Bio diesel initiatives underway

102
 U.S.A.

• Ethanol : a big boost to economy

• E85 sells cheaper than gasoline
• Currently production aimed at 4.5 Billion gallons/yr
• MTBE phased out in many states
• Soya bean main source of biodiesel

103
 E.U.
• Rapeseed main source of bio diesel
• 3-15% blended petrol
• France: Bio diesel exempted from domestic tax
• Germany: Sales of bio diesel 99 million US gallons
• Rise of SVO as domestic fuel

104
 The Significant Others
• China: 3rd largest producer of ethanol
producing 220,000 tons of ethanol, exporting
90,000 tons in 2000.
• In southeast Asia, the Jatropha tree is used as
a significant fuel source
• Malaysia and Indonesia are starting pilot-scale
production from palm oil.

105
 World Scenario
• Country leading in biomass power is United States
followed by Brazil, Germany, China and Sweden.
• Globally, an estimated 54 GW of biomass power
capacity was in place by the end of 2009.
• As of 2007, the United States accounted for more
than 34percent of electricity from solid biomass
generated in OECD countries, with a total of 42
Terawatt-hours (TWh).
 FACTORS NEEDED
FOR DETERMINING TARIFF
1. CAPITAL INVESTMENT

2. LIFE OF PLANT AND SALVAGE VALUE

3. DEPERICIATION

4. DEBT & EQUITY

5. O & M EXPENSES

6. LOAN REPAYMENT PERIOD

7. COST ON DEBT

8. R.O.E.

9. PLF.

10. INTEREST ON WORKING CAPITAL

 Fuel Cost
Calorific Value
 CERC (T&C for tariff determination from renewable sources)
Reg. 2009
• Applicable
– WPD 200 W/m2 & hub height 50 m
– Small Hydro
– Biomass
– Co-gen
– Solar PV & Solar Thermal
• Provision for Project specific tariff
• Tariff Period
– 13 years
– Small Hydro – 35 years
– Solar PV & Solar Thermal – 25 years
 CERC(…) Regulation 2009
• Useful Life
– Wind energy power project – 25 years
– Biomass power project, non-fossil fuel co-gen 20
yr
– Small Hydro – 35 years
– Solar PV/ Solar Thermal – 25 years
 Capital Cost Norms
• Wind energy (FY 2009-10): Capital 5.15 Cr/ MW
• Small Hydro (FY 2009-10)
– Himachal, Uttarakhand, NE States
• Plant below 5 MW = 7.00 Cr/MW
• Plant 5 to 25 MW = 6.30 Cr/ MW
– Other states
• Plant below 5 MW = 5.50 Cr/MW
• Plant 5 to 25 MW = 5.00 Cr/ MW
• Biomass based generation: Capital Cost for FY 2009-10 - 4.50
Cr /MW
• Non-fossil fuel based Co-generation Projects: Capital Cost for
FY 2009-10 - 4.45 Cr /MW
• Solar PV Plant: Capital Cost for FY 2009-10 – 17.00 Cr /MW
• Solar thermal Plant: Capital Cost for FY 2009-10 – 13.00 Cr
/MW
• Capital Cost for subsequent years is indexed
 Tariff Determination –
Annual Revenue Requirement (ARR)
• Fixed Cost
– Return on Equity – 19% pre-tax for 10 years, 24% pre-tax
for remaining period on equity 30% of the asset value of
plant.
– Interest on Loan
• 70% of the asset value is loan
• Repayment period – 10 years
• Weighted average interest rate
• Interest rate – Long term prime lending rate of SBI in previous year
+ 150 basis point
– Depreciation – 7 % of the asset value for repayment
period. remaining depreciation (i.e. 20%) spread over
remaining useful life of plant. Prorata depreciation for part
of the year.
– Interest on Working Capital
– Operations & Maintenance expenses (Employee Cost,
Repair & Maintenance Expenses, Admin & Gen Expenses)
– Corporate tax at actual
 Tariff Determination – ARR (Cont.)
• Interest on Working Capital
– Wind, Small Hydro, Solar PV, Solar Thermal
• O&M Expenses of 1 month
• Receivable for 2 months
• Maintenance spares of 15% of O&M
– Biomass and Non-fossil Fuel (Cogeneration)
• Fuel Cost of 4 months for normative PLF
• O&M Expenses of 1 month
• Receivable for 2 months of Fixed & Energy Charges for target PLF
• Maintenance spares of 15% of O&M
– Interest rate – Long term prime lending rate of SBI in
previous year + 100 basis point
 Tariff Determination – ARR (Cont.)
• O&M Expenses
– Wind based energy: For year FY 2009-10 – 6.50 lakh/ MW & 5.72%
escalation/ year thereafter
– Small Hydro Generation for year FY 2009-10
• Plant below 5 MW for Hill States – Rs. 21 lakh/ MW
• Plant 5 to 25 MW for Hill States – Rs. 15 lakh/ MW
• Plant below 5 MW for other States – Rs. 17 lakh/ MW
• Plant 5 to 25 MW for other States – Rs. 12 lakh/ MW
• Escalation factor for control period 5.72%
– Biomass based generation: For FY 2009-10 – 20.25 lakh/ MW & 5.72%
escalation/year thereafter
– Non-fossil fuel based co-generation Plant
• For FY 2009-10 – 13.35 lakh/ MW & 5.72% escalation/ year thereafter
– Solar PV generation – for FY 2009-10 Rs. 9 Lakh/ MW & 5.72%
escalation/ year thereafter
– Solar thermal generation – for FY 2009-10 Rs. 13 Lakh/ MW & 5.72%
escalation/ year thereafter
• Auxiliary energy consumption 10%
 Tariff Determination – ARR (Cont.)
• Fuel Cost
– Biomass based generation
• Station heat rate– 3800 kCal/ kWh
• Plant to be designed for multifuels (crop residue, agro-industrial
residue, forest residue)
• Usage of fossil fuel shall be limited to 15%
• Statewise calorific value of biomass for tariff (kCal/kg)
– Andhra Pradesh 3275
– Haryana 3458
– Maharashtra 3611
– Madhya Pradesh 3612
– Punjab 3368
– Rajasthan 3689
– Tamilnadu 3300
– Uttar Pradesh 3371
– Other States 3467
 Tariff Determination – ARR (Cont.)
• Fuel Cost Biomass based generation (Cont..)
– State Biomass Price (Rs/MT)
• Andhra Pradesh 1301
• Haryana 2168
• Maharashtra 1801
• Madhya Pradesh 1299
• Punjab 2092
• Rajasthan 1822
• Tamilnadu 1823
• Uttar Pradesh 1518
• Other States 1797
– Non-fossil fuel based co-generation
• SHR 3600 kCal/ kWh for power generation only.
• For cane-bagasse calorific value 2250 kCal/ kg
• For other fuels in co-gen plant biomass parameters shall apply
 Tariff Determination – ARR (Cont.)
• Fuel Cost non-fossil fuel based co-generation
(Cont..)
– Statewise Bagassse Prices (Rs/MT) FY 2009-10
• Andhra Pradesh 899
• Haryana 1411
• Maharashtra 1123
• Madhya Pradesh 809
• Punjab 1398
• Tamilnadu 1243
• Uttar Pradesh 1013
• Other States 1163
– Thereafter 5% escalation shall be considered
– Fuel Price Indexation mechanism given separately
 Other Principles for approval of charges
• Discounting factor for levelalized tariff
• Levellisation for useful, while tariff shall be determined for
control period.
• Must run (not subjected to merit order)
– Wind,
– Small hydro
– Municipal solid waste
– Solar
– Biomass based generation below 10 MW
• Despatches against merit order
– Biomass plant larger than 10 MW
– Non-fossil fuel Co-generation
• Sharing of CDM benefits: 1st year 100%, 2nd year 90%, 3rd year
80%, 4th year 70%, 5th year 60%, 6th year onwards 50% of the
proceed shall be retained by project developers. Remaining
shall be shared by beneficiary.
 Capacity Utilization Factor
• Wind Generation
– For place with Annual Mean Wind Power Density 200 to 250 w/m2 – 20%
– For place with Annual Mean Wind Power Density 250 to 300 w/m2 – 23%
– For place with Annual Mean Wind Power Density 300 to 400 w/m2 – 27%
– For place with Annual Mean Wind Power Density more than 400 w/m2 – 30%
– Annual Mean Wind Power Density to be measured at 50 m hub height
• Small Hydro Power
– 45% in Hill States & 30% in other states (net of free power to the host state)
– Auxiliary consumption – 1%
• Biomass based generation
– PLF in stabilization period 60%,
– during remaining period of 1st year – 70%,
– 2nd year onwards – 80%
– Auxiliary consumption – 10%
• Non-fossil fuel based Co-gen Plant
– PLF based on number of days plant is available considering 92% loading factor
– Number of operating days in AP & UP – 180 days – PLF – 45%
– Number of operating days in Tamilnadu & Maharashtra – 240 days – PLF 60%
– Number of operating days in Other states – 210 days – PLF 53%
– Auxiliary consumption – 8.5%
• Solar PV Plant – Capacity utilization factor 19%
• Solar PV Plant – Capacity utilization factor 23%
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