PRESENTATION ON

STAINLESS STEEL AND

SPECIAL STEELS.
 INTRODUCTION
In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or
inox from French "inoxydable", is a steel alloy with a
minimum of 10.5% chromium content by mass.
Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or stain with
water as ordinary steel does. However, it is not fully stain-
proof in low-oxygen, high-salinity, or poor air-circulation
environments.There are different grades and surface finishes
of stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must
endure. Stainless steel is used where both the properties of
steel and corrosion resistance are required.
 HISTORY
A few corrosion-resistant iron artifacts survive
from antiquity. A famous example is the Iron Pillar
of Delhi, erected by order of Kumara Gupta I
around AD 400. Unlike stainless steel, however,
these artifacts owe their durability not to
chromium but to their high phosphorus content,
which, together with favorable local weather
conditions, promotes the formation of a solid
protective passivation layer of iron oxides and
phosphates, rather than the non-protective cracked
rust layer that develops on most ironwork.
PROPERTIES OF
STAINLESS
STEEL
 OXIDATION
High oxidation resistance in air at ambient
temperature is normally achieved with additions of a
minimum of 13% (by weight) chromium, and up to
26% is used for harsh environments.The chromium
forms a passivation layer of chromium(III) oxide
(Cr2O3) when exposed to oxygen. The layer is too
thin to be visible, and the metal remains lustrous and
smooth. The layer is impervious to water and air,
protecting the metal beneath, and this layer quickly
reforms when the surface is scratched. This
phenomenon is called passivation and is seen in
other metals, such as aluminium and titanium.
 ACID AND BASES
Acids
Stainless steel is generally highly resistant to attack from acids, but this
quality depends on the kind and concentration of the acid, the
surrounding temperature, and the type of steel.
Bases
The 300 series of stainless steel grades is unaffected by any of the weak
bases such as ammonium hydroxide, even in high concentrations and at
high temperatures. The same grades of stainless exposed to stronger
bases such as sodium hydroxide at high concentrations and high
temperatures will likely experience some etching and cracking,
especially with solutions containing chlorides.
 ELECTRICITY AND
MAGNETISM
Similarly to steel, stainless steel is a relatively poor
conductor of electricity, with a lower electrical conductivity
than that of copper.

Ferritic and martensitic stainless steels are magnetic.

Annealed Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. Work
hardening can make austenitic stainless steels slightly
magnetic.
Types Of
Stainless
Steel
 AUSTENITIC
Austenitic, or 200 and 300 series, stainless
steels have an austenitic crystalline
structure, which is a face-centered cubic
crystal structure. Austenite steels make up
over 70% of total stainless steel production.
They contain a maximum of 0.15% carbon,
a minimum of 16% chromium and
sufficient nickel and/or manganese to retain
an austenitic structure at all temperatures
from the cryogenic region to the melting
point of the alloy.
 FERRITIC
Ferritic stainless steels generally have
better engineering properties than
austenitic grades, but have reduced
corrosion resistance, because of the
lower chromium and nickel content.
They are also usually less expensive.
They contain between 10.5% and 27%
chromium and very little nickel, if any,
but some types can contain lead. Most
compositions include molybdenum;
some, aluminium or titanium.
 MARTENSITIC
Martensitic stainless steels are not as corrosion-
resistant as the other two classes but are
extremely strong and tough, as well as highly
machinable, and can be hardened by heat
treatment. Martensitic stainless steel contains
chromium (12–14%), molybdenum (0.2–1%),
nickel (less than 2%), and carbon (about 0.1–
1%) (giving it more hardness but making the
material a bit more brittle). It is quenched and
magnetic.
 DUPLEX STAINLESS
STEELS
Duplex stainless steels have a mixed
microstructure of austenite and ferrite, the aim
usually being to produce a 50/50 mix, although
in commercial alloys the ratio may be 40/60.
Duplex stainless steels have roughly twice the
strength compared to austenitic stainless steels
and also improved resistance to localized
corrosion, particularly pitting, crevice corrosion
and stress corrosion cracking. They are
characterized by high chromium (19–32%) and
molybdenum (up to 5%) and lower nickel
contents than austenitic stainless steels.
SPECIAL
STEELS
 FREE CUTTING STEEL
Free-Cutting Steel a steel with a higher than
usual content of sulphur and phosphorus
intended for the fabrication of parts for high-
speed automatic and semiautomatic machine
tools. Free-cutting steel is produced in the form
of rods, and it contains 0.08–0.45 percent
carbon, 0.15–0.35 percent silicon, 0.6–1.55
percent manganese, 0.08–0.30 percent sulphur,
and 0.05–0.16 percent phosphorus.
 FREE CUTTING STEEL
The high sulfur content leads to
the formation of inclusions (for
example, manganese sulfide)
disposed along the grain. These
inclusions facilitate shearing and
promote grinding and easy chip
formation. For these purposes,
free-cutting steel is sometimes
alloyed with lead and tellurium.
 HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-
ALLOY STEEL
High-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA)
(HSLA)
is a type of alloy steel that provides
better mechanical properties or greater
resistance to corrosion than carbon
steel. HSLA steels vary from other
steels in that they are not made to meet
a specific chemical composition but
rather to specific mechanical
properties. They have a carbon content
between 0.05–0.25% to retain
formability and weldability.
 HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-
Other ALLOY STEEL
alloying elements include up to 2.0% (HSLA)
manganese and small quantities of copper,
nickel, niobium, nitrogen, vanadium, chromium,
molybdenum, titanium, calcium, rare earth
elements, or zirconium. Copper, titanium,
vanadium, and niobium are added for
strengthening purposes.Their yield strengths can
be anywhere between 250–590 megapascals .
Because of their higher strength and toughness
HSLA steels usually require 25 to 30% more
power to form, as compared to carbon steels.
 MARAGING
STEELS
Maraging steels (a portmanteau of
"martensitic" and "aging") are steels (iron
alloys) that are known for possessing superior
strength and toughness without losing
malleability, although they cannot hold a
good cutting edge. Aging refers to the
extended heat-treatment process. These steels
are a special class of low-carbon ultra-high-
strength steels that derive their strength not
from carbon, but from precipitation of inter-
metallic compounds.
 MARAGING STEELS
The common, non-stainless grades
contain 17–19 wt.% nickel, 8–12
wt.% cobalt, 3–5 wt.% molybdenum,
and 0.2–1.6 wt.% titanium. Addition
of chromium produces stainless
grades resistant to corrosion. Due to
the low carbon content maraging
steels have good machinability.
Maraging steels offer good
weldability.
 SUPER ALLOY
A superalloy, or high-performance alloy,
is an alloy that exhibits several key
characteristics: excellent mechanical
strength, resistance to thermal creep
deformation, good surface stability and
resistance to corrosion or oxidation. The
crystal structure is typically face-centered
cubic austenitic. Examples of such alloys
are Hastelloy, Inconel, Waspaloy, Rene
alloys, Haynes alloys, Incoloy, MP98T,
TMS alloys, and CMSX single crystal
alloys.
 SUPER ALLOY
Superalloy development has relied heavily
on both chemical and process innovations.
Superalloys develop high temperature
strength through solid solution
strengthening. An important strengthening
mechanism is precipitation strengthening
which forms secondary phase precipitates
such as gamma prime and carbides.
Oxidation or corrosion resistance is
provided by elements such as aluminium
and chromium.
APPLICATIONS
OF STAINLESS
STEEL
 ARCHITECTURAL USES
Stainless steel is used for buildings for
both practical and aesthetic reasons.
Stainless steel was in vogue during the art
deco period. The most famous example of
this is the upper portion of the Chrysler
Building (pictured). Some diners and fast-
food restaurants use large ornamental
panels and stainless fixtures and furniture.
Because of the durability of the material,
many of these buildings retain their
original appearance.
 ARCHITECTURAL
USES
Type 316 stainless is used on the
exterior of both the Petronas Twin
Towers and the Jin Mao Building, two
of the world's tallest skyscrapers. Type
316 is an austenitic chromium nickel
stainless steel containing molybdenum.
This addition increases general
corrosion resistance, improves
resistance to pitting from chloride ion
solutions, and provides increased
strength at elevated temperatures.
 ARCHITECTURAL USES
Cala Galdana Bridge in Minorca (Spain) was the
first stainless steel road bridge.Duplex stainless
steels have a mixed microstructure of austenite
and ferrite, the aim usually being to produce a
50/50 mix, although in commercial alloys the
ratio may be 40/60. Duplex stainless steels have
roughly twice the strength compared to
austenitic stainless steels and also improved
resistance to localized corrosion, particularly
pitting, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion
cracking. They are characterized by high
chromium (19–32%) and molybdenum (up to
5%) and lower nickel contents than austenitic
stainless steels.
 AUTOMOTIVE BODIES
The aft body panel of the Porsche
Cayman model (2-door coupe
hatchback) is made of stainless steel. It
was discovered during early body
prototyping that conventional steel
could not be formed without cracking
(due to the many curves and angles in
that automobile). Thus, Porsche was
forced to use stainless steel on the
Cayman.
 PASSENGER RAIL
CARS
Rail cars have commonly been
manufactured using corrugated
stainless steel panels (for
additional structural strength).
Many railcars in the United States
are still manufactured with
stainless steel, unlike other
countries who have shifted away.
 AIRCRAFT
The American Fleetwings
Sea Bird amphibious aircraft
of 1936 was also built using
a spot-welded stainless steel
hull.
 APPLICATION OF
HIGH-STRENGTH
LOW-ALLOY STEEL
(HSLA)
 HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-
ALLOY STEEL
High-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA) is a
(HSLA)
type of alloy steel that provides better
mechanical properties or greater resistance
to corrosion than carbon steel. One of the
disadvantages of this steel is that it is 30 to
40% less ductile. Examples of uses include
door-intrusion beams, chassis members,
reinforcing and mounting brackets, steering
and suspension parts, bumpers, and wheels.
MARAGING
STEEL
 MARAGING STEEL
Maraging steel's strength and
malleability in the pre-aged stage allows
it to be formed into thinner rocket and
missile skins than other steels, reducing
weight for a given strength.They are
suitable for engine components, such as
crankshafts and gears, and the firing pins
of automatic weapons that cycle from
hot to cool repeatedly while under
substantial load.
SUPER ALLOY
 SUPER ALLOY
Super Alloy characteristics include
Excellent mechanical strength and
creep resistance at high temperatures,
Good surface stability and Corrosion
and oxidation resistant .Application
include Aerospace, Turbine blades
and jet/rocket engines, Marine
industry Submarines Chemical
processing industries Nuclear reactors
Heat exchanger tubing Industrial gas
turbine
 Presented By :
Manan Kothari
Chinmay Kule
Prathemesh Mahade
Aniket Lambature
Presentation Made By :
Manan Kothari
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