Environmental Controls II/IIG

Lecture 4
Lighting Design Example
 Example 1
Room Layout Calculation
 Example 1
Classroom 20’ x 27’ x 12’ E=50 fc
WP= 2’-6” AFF
ρc= 80% hcc= 0.0’
ρw= 50% hrc= 9.5’
ρf= 20% hfc= 2.5’
fixture: fluorescent (#38)
maintenance: yearly
replacement: on burnout
voltages & ballast: normal
environment: medium clean
 Example 1

Confirm fixture data

S: T.15.1 p. 631
Example 1

Complete #1-6
 Example 1
7. Determine lumens per luminaire

Obtain lamp lumens from manufacturer’s data

(or see Stein: Chapter 12)

S: T. 12.5 p. 538
Lumen Flux
Method ρc= 80%
0’
27’
ρw= 50% 9.5’
ρf= 20% 20’
2.5’
8. Record
dimensional
data
Coefficient of
Utilization
Factor(CU)
Calculation
9. Calculate
Cavity
Ratios
 Example 1: Cavity Ratios

CR = 5 H x (L+W)/(L x W)

RCR = 5 Hrc x (L+W)/(LxW) = 4.1

CCR = 5 Hcc x (L+W)/(LxW) = 0

FCR = 5 Hfc x (L+W)/(LxW) = 1.1

Coefficient of
Utilization
Factor(CU)
Calculation
10. Calculate
Effective
Ceiling
Reflectance
 Example 1: Coefficient of Utilization (CU)

3. Obtain effective ceiling reflectance:

S: T.15.2 p. 657
Example 1

11. Calculate
Effective
Floor
Reflectance
Stein: T.15.2 P. 657
 Example 1: Coefficient of Utilization (CU)

3. Obtain effective ceiling reflectance:

CU= 0.19  0.20

S: T.15.2 p. 657
Example 1

12. Select CU
from mfr’s
data or see
 Example 1: Coefficient of Utilization (CU)

CU=0.32

S: T.15.1 p. 631
RCR CU
4.0 0.39 CU= 0.386
4.1 X
5.0 0.35
Example 1

13-21
Calculate LLF
Example 1: Light Loss Factor(LLF)
13-16

All factors not known  0.88

 Example 1: Light Loss Factor(LLF)
17. Room Surface Dirt
(based on 24 month cleaning cycle,
normal maintenance)

Direct 0.92 +/- 5%

 Light Loss Factor(LLF) Calculation
18. Lamp Lumen Depreciation

Group Burnout
Fluorescent 0.90 0.85
 Example 1: Light Loss Factor(LLF)
19. Burnouts

Burnout 0.95
 Example 1: Light Loss Factor(LLF)
20. Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD)

Verify maintenance category

S: T.15.1 p. 631
 Example 1: Light Loss Factor(LLF)
20. Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD)

LDD=0.80

S: F.15.34 p. 653
 Example 1: Light Loss Factor(LLF)

LLF = [a x b x c x d] x e x f x g x h
LLF = [0.88] x 0.92 x 0.85 x 0.95 x 0.80
LLF = 0.52
Example 1

22. Calculate
Number of
Luminaires

22

23
Example1: Calculate Number of
Luminaires
No. of Luminaires =

(E x Area)/(Lamps/luminaire x Lumens/Lamp x CU x LLF)

(50 X 540)/(4 X 2950 x 0.386 x 0.52) = 11.4 luminaires

 Example 1
Goal is 50 fc +/- 10%  45-55 fc

Luminaires E (fc)
10 43.9 x
11 48.2 ok  2 rows of 4, 1 row of 3
12 52.6 ok  3 rows of 4
13 57.0 x

Verify S/MH for fixture, space geometry

 Example 1: S/MH Ratio
Verify S/MH ratio
MH=12.0-2.5=9.5’
S/MH = 1.0  S ≤ 9.5’

S: T.15.1 p. 631
 Example 1: Spacing
Try 3 rows of S/2

4 luminaires S/2 S S S S/2

S/2+3S+S/2=20 S

 S=5’
27
S/MH=5/9.5 ≤ 1.0 ok
S
S/2+S+S+s/2=27
 S=9’
S/MH=9/9.5 ≤ 1.0 ok S/2

20
 Example 1: Spacing
Try 4 rows of S/2

3 luminaires
S/2 S S S/2

S/2+2S+S/2=20
 S=6.67’
27 S

S/MH=6.67/9.5 ≤ 1.0 ok

S/2+3S+s/2=27 S
 S=6.75’
S/MH=6.75/9.5 ≤ 1.0 ok
S/2
20
 Example 2
Economic Analysis
 Example 2: Economic Analysis
Operation: 8AM-5PM, M-F, 52 wks/yr
9 x 5 x 52 = 2,340 hrs/yr

Operating Energy: 128 watts/luminaire

Lighting Control: Daylighting sensor with 3-

step controller
 Example 2: Economic Analysis
Connected Lighting Power (CLP):

CLP=12 x 128= 1,536 watts (2.8 w/sf)

Adjusted Lighting Power (ALP):

ALP=(1-PAF) x CLP
Example 2: Economic Analysis
Power
Adjustment
Control Factor (PAF)
Daylight Sensor (DS), 0.30
continuous dimming
DS, multiple-step dimming 0.20
DS, On/Off 0.10
Occupancy Sensor (OS) 0.30
OS, DS, continuous dimming 0.40
OS, DS, multiple-step dimming 0.35
OS, DS, On/Off 0.35

Source: ASHRAE 90.1-1989

 Example 2: Economic Analysis
Adjusted Lighting Power (ALP):

ALP=(1-PAF) x CLP
ALP=(1-0.20) x 1536
ALP= 1229 watts (2.3 w/sf)
Example 2: Economic Analysis
Energy = 1,229 watts x 2,340 hrs/yr
=2,876 kwh/year

Electric Rate: $0.081/kwh

Annual Energy Cost = 2,876 kwh/yr x $0.081/kwh
= $232.94/yr
Example 2: Economic Analysis
An alternate control system consisting of a
daylighting sensor, with continuing dimming
and an occupancy sensor can be substituted
for an additional $150.

Using the simple payback analysis method,

determine if switching to this control system
is economically attractive.
Example 2: Economic Analysis
Power
Adjustment
Control Factor (PAF)
Daylight Sensor (DS), 0.30
continuous dimming
DS, multiple-step dimming 0.20
DS, On/Off 0.10
Occupancy Sensor (OS) 0.30
OS, DS, continuous dimming 0.40
OS, DS, multiple-step dimming 0.35
OS, DS, On/Off 0.35

Source: ASHRAE 90.1-1989

Example 2: Economic Analysis
Adjusted Lighting Power (ALP):

ALP=(1-PAF) x CLP
ALP=(1-0.40) x 1536
ALP= 922 watts (1.7 w/sf)
Example 2: Economic Analysis
Energy = 922 watts x 2,340 hrs/yr
= 2,157 kwh/year
Annual Energy Cost = 2,157 kwh/yr x $0.081/kwh
= $174.72/yr

Annual Savings = 232.94 – 174.72= $58.22/year

Simple Payback = Additional Cost/Annual Savings

= 150.00/58.22
= 2.6 years < 3 years
Economically attractive
 Example 3
Point Source Calculation
 S: F.20.58 p.1266

Example 3
Spot Lighting – lamp straight down

S: F.15.48 p. 667
 S: F.20.58 p.1266

Example 3
Spot Lighting – lamp pointed at object

Cp at 90 = 9600

Horizontal illumination=

9900(0.643)3 = 25.5 fc
102

Vertical illumination=
9900(0.766)3 = 30.3 fc
122

S: F.15.48 p.667