The Industrial Revolution

• Steam Engine
• Internal Combustion Engine
• Electric Motor
• Jet Engine

“Ability to do work”
Are you at the correct place?

WELCOME TO
KT1822
ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS
 Today, we will look at..
• Overview and introduction to the course
 Course Lecturer
Mrs Azlina Abdul Jalil
Mechanical Engineering Program, SKTM

You can reach me at:

Room 38, Block A, Level 1, SKTM
320000 ext 3013
azlinaaj@ums.edu.my
Yahoo ID: azlinaaj
What is thermodynamics??
 So..what IS thermodynamics?
• Therme (heat) + dynamis (power)
• The science of energy and energy
transformations
• Prediction of changes in condition or state, of a
system when energetic interactions between it
and its surrounding takes place
 Why learn thermodynamics?
• Universal subject for all engineering
courses
• Energy concerns all fields of engineering
• A course in thermodynamics seeks to
prepare students for a lifetime of work in
engineering where you will be judged by
the knowledge and skills you bring to a
given assignment.
Some application areas of
thermodynamics.

1-1
 Q: Isn’t thermodynamics more
relevant to Chemical and
Mechanical Engineers only ?
A: No
• Electrical engineers involved in control and
instrumentation
• Civil engineers involved in installation
• Computer engineers design components that
will ‘heat up’
Educational goals and objectives of this course

• Introduction to the concepts and laws of

macroscopic thermodynamics.
• Develop an orderly approach to problem
solving.
• Ability to use the principles of macroscopic
thermodynamics in solving general
engineering problems.
 Overview of Course
• Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
• Properties of Pure Substances
• Energy Transfer
• The 1st Law of Thermodynamics
• The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
• Entropy
 Course Outline
Week Topic
1 Course Introduction
2&3 Properties of Pure Substances
4 Ideal Gas Equation & Internal Energy
5 Energy Transfer
6 1st Law – Closed Systems
7&8 1st Law – Steady Flow Systems, Examples
9 & 10 2nd Law – Refrigerators & Heat Pumps
11 & 12 Entropy
13 & 14 Course Summary & Revision
 References
1. Y.A. Cengel & M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach, McGraw-Hill, 4/e, 2002.
www.mhhe.com/cengel  Excellent website!

2. Eastop and McConkey, Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering

Technologists, Longman, 5th Edition, 1993.

3. www.howstuffworks.com
 For this course..
Evaluation will be based on:

• Tests – 30%
• Assignments – 20%
• Finals – 50%
 Some ground rules..

• Let’s be punctual for class

• Please switch your mobile phone to silent mode during
lectures
• Come for the tutorial session
• Please be prepared before you come and see me
• Please DO NOT sign the attendance for someone else
• Feel free to sleep in class, if you must… just don’t snore!
TAKE 10
COURSE INTRODUCTION
 Thermo..
• Deals with energy
• Its transformation from one form into other forms
• What changes are possible or not
• Quality of transformation
• Based on everyday experiences
and experimental observations
 1 st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can not be created or destroyed, it can

only change from one form to another or it
can be added to a system from the
surroundings.

= Conservation of energy principle

 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics
Examples:
• Milk mixes with coffee, but once mixed doesn’t unmix.
• A cup of hot coffee left will eventually cool. Cold coffee
will not heat up on its own.
• Books may fall from a table but never jump up from floor
to table!

General:
Things always move in one direction.
Events are ordered. Energy
has quality as well as quantity.
 Macroscopic vs. microscopic
viewpoints...

A collection of atoms within a container, each with a unique velocity.

Energy in a microscopic description

1
Energy of each atom = e  m V
2

2
Number of atoms = N
N
N
Total Energy = eN    ke1
2
mV
2 i 1
 The macroscopic description
The energy in both cases
is the same, E. In the
macroscopic description,
atomistic concepts are
disregarded.
How we describe the
system chosen for study
requires careful selection of
properties that are based
on observable, measurable
quantities.
 Dimensions and Units
• Primary dimensions:
Dimension Units
Length meter (m)
Mass kilogram (kg)
Time second (s)
Temperature kelvin (K)
Electric current ampere (A)
Amount of light candela (cd)
Amount of matter mole (mol)

• Secondary dimensions: derived  J, N, Pa

Dimensional Homogeneity
•Equations must balance
•2 apples + 3 oranges = ?
•Check unit prefixes

Significant numbers
• Usually 3 digits
• According to initial info given
• Do not round up numbers early during
calculations
Some Key Concepts &
Definitions •System – quantity of
matter or region of
space chosen for study
•Surroundings – mass
or region outside the
system
•Boundary – real or
imaginary surface that
separates the system
and the surroundings.
Can be fixed or
movable.
Types of systems:

• Closed System
• Open System
• Isolated System
Systems:
Closed Systems

Also known as
control mass
system.
Mass cannot
cross the
boundaries of a
closed system,
but energy can
in the form of
heat or work.
Systems:
Open System

Open systems have mass flow across their boundaries.

Systems:
• Isolated system - Even energy is not
allowed to cross the boundary.
• Universe = Systems +Surroundings

Surroundings
Closed System
System Boundary
The 3 types of systems:
Closed System No mass crosses
boundary
Energy may cross
Open System Mass may cross
boundary

Isolated System No mass and no

energy crosses
boundary
Example: Piston and cylinder - a CLOSED system

m
Piston

Gas at pressure, p
Example: The gas turbine engine - an OPEN system

Fuel Flow In

Combustor

Air Flow In Shaft Work Output

Compressor Work Out

Exhaust Gases Out

 Properties of a System
Classes of properties
• Extensive • Intensive
– MASS – TEMPERATURE
– VOLUME – PRESSURE
– ENERGY – DENSITY

ADDITIVE OVER NOT ADDITIVE OVER

THE SYSTEM. THE SYSTEM.
Properties

Properties:
•Temperature
•Pressure System
•Volume
•Internal energy
•Entropy

The system can be either open or

closed. The concept of a property
still applies.
State – set of properties that completely
describe the condition of a system

How does the

state of a system
change?
 Equilibrium states
• No unbalanced potentials (driving forces) within
the system, no changes when it is isolated from the
surroundings
• Thermal equilibrium – temperature is same
throughout system
• Mechanical equilibrium – no change in pressure at
any point in the system
• Chemical equilibrium – chemical composition
does not change with time
• The state of a simple compressible system is
completely specified by two independent,
intensive properties.

P1
P1  f ( P2 )

P2
Process – change
from one
equilibrium state
to another

Path – series of
states through
which a system
passes through
during a process
 Processes & Equilibrium States

p
S1 Process Path

What is the
state of the
system along
V the process
S2 path?

T
 Steady Flow Processes
• Process during which a fluid flows through
a control volume steadily
• Operate for long periods of time under the
same conditions

Steady = no change with time

Uniform = no change with location over a
specified region
 Types of processes
• Quasi equilibrium process – system remains
infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state
at all times
• Isothermal process – at constant T
• Isobaric process – At constant P
• Isochoric process – At constant specific
volume
Thermodynamic Cycle
P1 Process Path I
State 1
State 2

Process Path II

P2
Example: A steam power cycle.

Combustion
Products
Steam
Turbine
Mechanical Energy
Fuel to Generator

Air
Heat
Pump
Exchanger

System Boundary
for Thermodynamic
Cooling Water Analysis
Key concepts and terms
Systems
System Boundary
Surroundings
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermodynamic State
Path, Process, Cycle
 Some home work for you..
• If you do not have your own calculator, do
get one!
• Make a copy of the property tables – at the
back section of textbook OR you can also
buy the property tables booklet
 Thank you!
See you next week..

Tutorials start next week.

You may sign up for tutorials
starting this afternoon.