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Three Main Methods of Kinetic Analysis

Work-energy and impulse momentum methods are integral forms of


Newton-Euler laws of motion (the equations of motion are integrated
with respect to position and time). In these methods, the
acceleration is eliminated by integration. These methods can be very
efficient in the solution of problems concerned with velocity-position
or velocity-time relationships.
WORK ENERGY METHOD preliminaries
Work of a Force – a concept that plays a fundamental role in the
work-energy principle.

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝑈1−2 = ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝐹 𝑥׬‬ + ‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦𝐹 𝑦׬‬ + ‫𝑧𝑑 𝑧𝐹 𝑧׬‬
1 1 1
Where:
𝑈1−2 = Work done from point 1 to 2
𝐹𝑥, 𝐹𝑦, 𝐹𝑧 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 & 𝑧
𝑑𝑥, 𝑑𝑦, 𝑑𝑧 = components of displacements
WORK ENERGY METHOD preliminaries
Work of a Force – a concept that plays a fundamental role in the
work-energy principle.

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝑈1−2 = ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝐹 𝑥׬‬ + ‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦𝐹 𝑦׬‬ + ‫𝑧𝑑 𝑧𝐹 𝑧׬‬
1 1 1
Where:
𝑈1−2 = Work done from point 1 to 2
𝐹𝑥, 𝐹𝑦, 𝐹𝑧 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 & 𝑧
𝑑𝑥, 𝑑𝑦, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
WORK ENERGY METHOD preliminaries
Work of a Constant Force – depends only on the initial and final
positions of its point of application, that is the work is independent of
the path from point to point.
𝑈2−1 = −𝑊 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = −W∆𝑦

Where:
𝑈1−2 = Work done from point 1 to 2
W = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = ∆𝑦 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 absorbing component of the displacement
WORK ENERGY METHOD preliminaries
Work of an ideal Spring – depends only on the spring constant and
the initial and final elongations, consequently, the work is
independent of the path followed by the spring.
𝛿 1
𝑈1−2 = ‫ 𝛿׬‬2 𝑘𝛿𝑑𝛿 = 𝑘 𝛿22 − 𝛿12 ;Work done on the spring
1 2
1
= − 𝑘 𝛿22 − 𝛿12 ;Work done by the spring
2

Where:
𝑈1−2 = Work done from point 1 to 2
k = 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝛿1 , 𝛿2 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
WORK ENERGY METHOD preliminaries
Work of a gravitational force – is independent of the path followed by
the satellite. The work is determined only by the initial and final
distances between 𝑚𝐴 and 𝑚𝐵 .

𝑅2 𝑑𝑅 1 1
𝑈1−2 = −𝐺𝑚𝐴 𝑚𝐵 ‫ 𝑅׬‬2 = 𝐺𝑚𝐴 𝑚𝐵 ( − )
1 𝑅 𝑅2 𝑅1

Where:
𝑈1−2 = Work done from point 1 to 2
𝑅1 , 𝑅2 = initial and final distances between 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 .
Principle of Work and Kinetic Energy

States that the work done by all forces acting on a particle (the work
of the resultant force) equals the change in the Kinetic Energy of the
particle.
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑈 = 𝐹 ∗ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑣𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑣 dt
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑( 𝑚𝑣 2 )
2
1 1
𝑈1−2 = 𝑚𝑣22 − 𝑚𝑣12
2 2
Problem
The collar A of mass =1.8 kg is shown in the figure, slides on a frictionless rod that
lies in the vertical plane. A rope is attached to A and passed over the pulley at B.
The constant horizontal force P is applied to the end of the rope. The collar is
released from rest at position 1. (1) Determine the speed of the collar in position 2
if P = 20 N. (2) Find the smallest value of P for which the collar will reach position 2.
Solution:
According to FBD shown, only W and P do work on the collar because
NA is perpendicular to the rod which is the path of the collar. (NA shall
be deleted because it is not part of the active force diagram).
Work of W: W=mg therefore:
UW(1-2)= -mgh
where h is the change of elevation.

Work of P: not constant:


UP(1-2)= P(L1 –L2)

For (1): Determine the speed of collar at position 2.


U1-2= KE2 –KE1
where:
U1-2 = work contributions due to W and P
KE2 = kinetic energy at 2 due to v2
KE1 = 0 , resting collar initial position
becomes:
1
−𝑚𝑔ℎ + 𝑃 𝐿1 − 𝐿2 = 𝑚𝑣22 − 0
2
Solution (continuation):
1
−𝑚𝑔ℎ + 𝑃 𝐿1 − 𝐿2 = 𝑚𝑣22 − 0
2
where:
m = 1.8 kg
P = 20 N
h = 2*sin 30° = 1.0 m
𝐿1 = (2𝑐𝑜𝑠30°)2 +2.52 = 3.041 m
𝐿2 = 2.5 − 1.0 = 1.5 𝑚
Substitute values:
1
− 1.8 9.81 1.0 + 20 3.041 − 1.5 = 1.8 𝑣22
2
𝑣2 = 3.82 𝑚/𝑠

For (2): Find the smallest value of P for which the collar will reach position 2 .
For this condition of U1-2= KE2 –KE1
where:
U1-2 = work contributions due to W and P
KE2 = 0 , resting collar at position 2.
KE1 = 0 , resting collar at initial position
becomes:
−𝑚𝑔ℎ + 𝑃 𝐿1 − 𝐿2 = 0
Solution (continuation):
For (b): Find the smallest value of P for which the collar will reach position 2 .
For this condition of U1-2= KE2 –KE1
where:
U1-2 = work contributions due to W and P
KE2 = 0 , resting collar at position 2.
KE1 = 0 , resting collar at initial position
becomes:
−𝑚𝑔ℎ + 𝑃 𝐿1 − 𝐿2 = 0

𝑚𝑔ℎ 1.8 9.81 1.0)


𝑃= = = 11.46 𝑁
𝐿1 − 𝐿2 3.041 − 1.5
Problem
As shown in the figure below, the block of mass m = 1.6 kg is placed on a horizontal plane and
attached to an ideal spring. The static and kinetic coefficients of friction between the block and
the plane are given in the figure. The spring has a stiffness of k = 30 N/m and is undeformed
when x = 0. The block is launched at x = 0 with the velocity of 6 m/s to the right. (1) Determine
the value of x when the block first comes to rest. (2) Show that the block does not remain at
rest in the position found in Part 1. (3) Find the speed of the block when it reaches x = 0 for the
second time.
Solution:
Figure (b) shows the FBD of the block assuming motion to the right.
This motion is resisted by the spring and the force due to kinetic
friction.

For (1): Determine the speed of collar at position 2.


U1-2= KE2 –KE1
where:
U1-2 = work contributions due to P(work of spring) and Fk
KE2 = 0, returning point
1
KE1 = 2 𝑚𝑣12 , 𝑣1 = 6 𝑚/𝑠
becomes:
1 1 1
−`2 𝑘 𝑥22 − 𝑥12 − 𝐹𝑘 𝑥2 = 2 𝑚𝑣22 − 2 𝑚𝑣12

Substituting values:

1 1
−`2 (30) 𝑥22 − 0 − 3.139𝑥2 = 0 − 2 (1.6)(6)2

𝑥2 = 1.2850 𝑚, −1.4942 𝑚
Solution (continuation):
Figure (c) shows the FBD of the block at rest at position 2.

For (2): show that the block does not remain at rest in the position found in part(1).
From figure (c)
P = spring force = k(𝑥2 ) = 30 1.2850 = 38.55 𝑁 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)
The spring force is resisted by the static friction force:
𝐹𝑠 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁𝐴 = 0.3 15.696 = 4.709 𝑁

P > 𝐹𝑠 , equilibrium is not possible.

For (3): Determine the velocity of the block upon returning to position 1.

1 2
−2𝐹𝑘 𝑥2 = m(𝑣3 − 𝑣12 )
2

1
−2 0.2 15.696 1.2850 = 1.6 (𝑣32 −𝑣12 )
2
𝑣1 = 5.09 𝑚/𝑠

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