TODAY’S AGENDA ON EXIT TICKET

• Bell Ringer (20 Minutes) • Bell Ringer

• Introduce Lesson (5 Minutes) • Video Clip Answer(s)
• Video Clip (10 Minutes) • Section(s) Review
• 1 Thing you learned
• Lecture & Discussion (20
Minutes)
• Political Cartoon, Source
Document or Mini Debate (10
minutes)
• Whole Group Review (5
minutes)
• Section Review on Exit Ticket
(20 minutes)
 Kennedy and the Cold War

The Main Idea

President Kennedy
continued the Cold War
policy of resisting the
spread of communism by
offering to help other
nations and threatening
to use force if necessary.
 Believe it or not...
Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846.
John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946.

Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860.

John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.

The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters.

Both were particularly concerned with civil rights.
Abraham Both Presidents' wives lost a child while living in the White House.
Lincoln v. Both Presidents were shot while seated next to their wife. Both Presidents were shot
on a Friday. Both were shot in the head.
John F. Lincoln's personal secretary, whose name was John (Nicolay), advised him not to
Kennedy go to the theater. Kennedy's personal secretary, whose name was (Evelyn) Lincoln,
advised him not to go to Dallas.
Comparison Both were assassinated by Southerners. Both were succeeded by Southerners.
Both successors were named Johnson.
Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808.
Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908.

John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated Lincoln was born in 1839.

Lee Harvey Oswald, who assassinated Kennedy was born in 1939.

Both assassins were known by their three names.

Both names are comprised of fifteen letters.

Booth ran from the theater and was caught in a warehouse.

Oswald ran from a warehouse and was caught in a theater. Booth and Oswald were
assassinated before their trials.
Lincoln was shot in the Ford Theatre and Kennedy was shot while in a Ford
Lincoln.
1960 Election
1960 Election
 Kennedy’s Election

• John F. Kennedy – from a wealthy, politically powerful

family
• Good looking, young, and comfortable in front of the
television cameras
• People felt Kennedy represented the future
• Election of 1960
– Adopted the term “new frontier”
– Played on the nation’s Cold War fears
– Claimed the nation’s prosperity was not reaching the poor
– Rallied the African American vote when Kennedy called
Coretta King after Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested;
Robert Kennedy persuaded the judge to release King
– One of the closest elections in history
 Kennedy Takes Office
Inaugural Address
• Focused on change
• Strong anti-Communist tone
• Did not specify his domestic policy goals because so
much division existed over domestic issues
• “Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you
Kennedy’s Advisors
can do for your country.”

• Gathered a group some

called “the best and the
brightest” as his advisors
• Most of Kennedy’s advisors
were young.
• Closest advisor was his
brother, Robert (“Bobby”)
Kennedy
 The Berlin Crisis
Berlin’s Significance The Berlin Wall
• Khrushchev • On August 13, 1961,
demanded that the Khrushchev closed
United States the crossing points
recognize East between East and
Germany as an West Berlin.
independent
Communist nation. • A high concrete wall
was built to prevent
• West Berlin was an further escapes to
island of freedom. freedom.
• Many East Germans • Kennedy sent more
fled to West troops, and Vice
Germany through President Lyndon B.
Berlin. Johnson visited
West Berlin.
• Kennedy refused to
be bullied, sent • Kennedy said “A wall
troops into West is a … lot better than
Germany, built a war.”
nuclear shelters, and
waited for • Over time, the wall
Khrushchev’s next was extended and
move. fortified.
• “Ich bin ein Berliner”
 Bay of Pigs Invasion

Background Kennedy The Invasion

• Fidel Castro • Kennedy learned • Bay of Pigs
was in power in that the CIA was invasion failed.
Cuba. training troops to
invade Cuba and • Information was
• Came to power topple Castro. leaked early.
after a guerrilla
war, promised to • His advisors were • Air strikes failed.
restore people’s mixed. • Castro prepared
rights and for a land attack.
freedoms • Kennedy was
worried about • Invaders were
• Once in power, Communism captured and
he seized spreading to ransomed back
private Latin America. to United States.
businesses and
made overtures • Kennedy gave • Strengthened
to Soviet Union. the go-ahead. Castro’s ties to
the Soviet Union
 The Cuban Missile Crisis
• U.S. actions in the Bay of Pigs and
Berlin crisis encouraged hard-line
leaders in the Soviet Union.
• The Soviets were worried about
another invasion of Cuba and U.S.
nuclear missiles placed in Turkey.
• Kennedy was worried about
accusations of being “soft on
communism.”

• A U.S. U-2 spy plane detected Soviet

surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) in Cuba.
• The Soviets argued that the SAMs were
defensive missiles and swore that they
didn’t have offensive missiles in Cuba.
• Later U-2 flights showed that the Soviets
had lied.
 The Cuban Missile Crisis
• Kennedy assembled a group of advisors, known as the
ExComm, to help him plan a response.
– ExComm military members favored an air strike,
Managing perhaps followed by a land invasion of Cuba.
the – Others argued for a naval blockade. Kennedy agreed
Crisis with this plan.
• The world watched as Soviet ships carrying missile parts
approached the naval blockade. They turned back.
 Kennedy Foreign Policy and the Cold War

• Kennedy also followed the Cold War policies of

his predecessors.
• He continued the nuclear arms buildup begun by
Eisenhower.
• He continued to follow Truman’s practice of
containment.
• He developed the strategy of flexible
response.
– Strengthening conventional American forces so the
nation would have other options than nuclear weapons
in times of crisis
 Kennedy’s Thousand Days

The Main Idea

John F. Kennedy brought

energy, initiative, and
important new ideas
to the presidency.
 The Kennedy Curse

• Joe Kennedy Jr. (older brother) killed in

WWII
• JFK assassinated 1963
• JFK had two still born children die at birth
• Bobby Kennedy (younger brother)
assassinated 1968
• Kick Kennedy (younger sister) died in a
plane crash in 1948
• JFK Jr. died in a plane crash (1999)
 Why Was JFK so Special???

• Strong Stance
against
Communism
• Civil Rights
Proponent
• Space
Exploration
 Kennedy’s New Frontier

• Americans were struck by

the youth and vitality of
the Kennedy White House.
• Kennedy’s public image
was often different than
reality.
• Kennedy’s narrow victory
in 1960 left him without
the clear mandate he
needed to work well with
Congress.
• The New Frontier came to
be symbolized by the
exploration of space.
 Kennedy’s New Frontier
Image / Reality Congress Space Program
• Images of • Most in the early • Khrushchev
Kennedy showed 1960s were not claimed the
a young, vital reform minded, Soviet lead in
president / He which was space showed the
suffered from reflected in superiority of
Addison’s disease Congress. communism.
and a bad back.
• Kennedy’s narrow • In May 1961
• Kennedy victory left him Kennedy vowed
encouraged the without a clear that the United
press to mandate to rule. States would land
photograph and Congress didn’t a man on the
write about his approve many moon.
children/ New Frontier
Jacqueline proposals. • The space race
Kennedy tried to became a part of
protect their • Sometimes the Cold War—a
privacy. Kennedy was able part that the
to bypass United States
Congress and would win.
solve problems.
 Kennedy’s Assassination

On November 22, 1963,

President Kennedy was
assassinated in Dallas,
Texas.

Vice President Johnson

was sworn in within
hours.

Kennedy’s death shocked the

nation and the world.

Within hours, police arrested

Lee Harvey Oswald. While
being transferred to the county
jail, Oswald was shot to death
by Jack Ruby.
 Chief Justice Earl Warren
Warren did not have a However, as chief justice, Warren led the
positive record on civil Court to one of the most significant civil
rights when President rights advances in U.S. history.
Eisenhower appointed him
chief justice in 1953.
• Called for the
internment of Japanese
Americans during
World War II.
• Fought against an
effort to make
California’s state
Assembly more
representative of the
people.
 Important Court Cases Under Warren:

• Gideon v. Wainwright =
Right to an attorney
• Miranda v. Arizona =
Miranda Rights
• Engel v. Vitale = No
School Prayers
• 1954—Brown v. Board of
Education banned racial
segregation in the
nation’s schools
• Warren Commission =
Investigated JFK’s death
Brown v. Board of Education—1954
 The Warren Commission

• President Johnson
appointed the Warren
Commission to
investigate the
assassination.
– They determined that
there was no conspiracy
and that Oswald and Ruby
had each acted alone.
– Additional government
investigations and many
private ones have never
found credible evidence of
a conspiracy.
 The Great Society

The Main Idea

President Johnson used his

political skills to push
Kennedy’s proposals
through Congress and
expanded them with his
own vision of the Great
Society.
 The Kennedy Legacy

• Some felt the drama of the Kennedy presidency

Foreign was more evident than its achievements.
Relations • However, in foreign affairs, relations with the
Soviet Union had improved.
• The Peace Corp produced goodwill toward the
United States.

• Kennedy did not have much success with

Domestic domestic issues.
Achievements • He acknowledged that the nation’s social,
economic, and environmental problems would
take many years to solve.
 Lyndon Johnson

Personality Political Experience

• Large and intense with • School teacher in Texas

none of Kennedy’s good
looks, polish, or charm • Served as Texas
Congressman
• Hardworking and ambitious
• Served as U.S. Senator
• Genuine desire to help
others • Served as majority leader in
the Senate after one term
• Greater concern for the as senator
poor and underprivileged
than Kennedy • By 1960, Johnson had more
influence in Washington,
• Believed in an expanded D.C., than any other
role for government in Democrat.
making Americans’ lives
better
 The Great Society

In 1964 Johnson told the nation that he had his own plans for
the United States. He called the domestic programs of his
administration the Great Society.
I want to declare WAR ON POVERTY!
Medicaid – program that provides free health care for poor
people
Medicare – health care program for people over age 65

In order to launch Johnson’s Great Society, he needed to win

the 1964 election.
• Chose Hubert Humphrey as his running mate
• Republicans selected Barry Goldwater as their nominee.

Barry Goldwater’s views were very different from Johnson’s.

• He suggested using nuclear weapons to end Vietnam.
• Attacked the Great Society with claims that people were
only equal in the eyes of God and that government
programs to help people were similar to communism
 Johnson’s Foreign Policy

• By the end of 1966, some 385,000 U.S. combat

Vietnam troops were in Vietnam, and the government was
spending $2.5 billion a month on the war.
• “We cannot have guns and butter.”

• Policy dictating that revolutions in Latin America were

more than local concerns if communism was involved.
The U.S. would intervene.
Johnson
Doctrine • Johnson sent troops to end a revolt in the Dominican
Republic in 1965.