GERUND

According to Wishon (1980: 268), "gerund is a verb form used as a

noun." Gerund is a word-form of a verb used as a noun. Note that
Gerund has the same form as the present participleana verb-ing. We
see the following explanation:

1. Gerund/Simple Gerund:
Examples of gerund / simple gerund are:

• Verb + ing: reading, dancing, swimming, camping, listening, writing, etc.

• Reading is my hobby.
• I like writing.
• Singing is beautiful.
2. Gerund Phrase:
I.e. gerund followed by objects or preceded by
the possessive adjective, for example:

• Gerund + object: reading a novel, writing a story.

• Possessive + gerund: your singing
• Reading a novel is my hobby.
• I like writing a short story.
• Your singing is beautiful.
USE OF GERUND IN SENTENCE
As a noun, gerund can occupy the position of the noun, of
whom occupy positionsas subject, object and complement.

1. Gerund as Subject
Gerund as a subject can stand alone (is phrasa).

• Reading is my hobby.
• Swimming is my favorite sport.
• Listening to music makes me happy.
2. Gerund as Object (Gerund sebagai Objek)
Objek kata kerja ( object of verb ) gerund yang digunakan sesudah kata kerja.
• Shinta and Shanti like singing.
• Renata enjoys dancing.
• They enjoy playing cards.

3. Gerund as Complement (Gerund sebagai komplemen)

Gerund sebagai pelengkap biasa disebut ‘ subject complement ‘ atau
‘predicate’.
• Her favorite hobby is dancing.
• His favorite sport is canoeing.
• My job is writing the script.
PARTICIPLE
Participle is a form of the verb in the language of the United
Kingdom could be used as an adjective or to
make sentences tenses. Examples of participle in English United
Kingdom is bored and boring. The second word is derived
from the verb "bore" which means to make bored.

• She is bored in the class. (dia bosan di dalam kelas tersebut)

• He is a boring teacher. (Dia adalah guru yang membosankan)
TYPES OF PARTICIPLE

In English, there are two forms of participle, namely present

participle and past participle. The present participle is a form of
a + ing verb, for example boring, exciting, and engaging. The
second form is the past participle. Past participle is the third verb
form, for example bored, excited, and interested. In addition to
present participle and past participle, there is also a perfect
shape. The perfect participation is to follow the past.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Present participle is most often used in continuous tense sentences.
People more often say present participle with verb ing. This is
due to the shape of the present participle is a
verb affix added that ing.

a. She is studying English.

b. b. I was reading a book last night.
c. c. The children are watching TV.
PAST PARTICIPLE
Past participle is most commonly used in passive and perfect
sentences. Most Indonesians call past participle with the third
form verb (Verb 3). Past participle generally ends -ed for regular
verbs. While the verb is irregular, it generally ends with -t, -en, or -
n.

• The book is bought by my wife. (Buku tersebut dibeli oleh istri

saya.)
• She has borrowed a book. (Dia telah meminjam sebuah buku.)
• I have a broken car. (Saya memiliki sebuah mobil yang rusak.)
PERFECT PARTICIPLE
Perfect participle is a past participle that starts with having. Perfect
participle is commonly used when two events are performed
sequentially after the first event.
a. Having missed the train, we decided to drive the car. (Setelah
ketinggalan kereta, kami memutuskan untuk mengendarai mobil)
b. b. Having finished the lesson, we went home. (Setelah menyelesaikan
latihan, kami pulang ke rumah.)

The pattern above, we can also write with a sentence like this:
a. After missing the train, we decided to drive the car.
b. After finishing the lesson, we went home.
 PRESENT PARTICIPLE AND PAST PARTICIPLE
FUNCTIONS
There are several functions of the participle in English. The participle function in
English includes functions as verbs, adjectives, and nouns.

A. Participle As a Verb
In general, the present participle and past participle are used as verbs in the sentence. The
verb is typically used on some tenses.
a. She is watching TV. (Dia sedang menonton TV)
Watching is the present participle of the watch verb.
b. The book is being read by my sister. (Buku tersebut sedang dibaca oleh adik perempuan
saya)
Being is the present participle of the verb be.
c. I have been here for two hours. (Saya telah berada di sini selama dua jam.)
Been a past participle of be.
B. Participle as adjectives
Some past participle and present participle can function as an adjective.
Therefore, he can also be located before the noun.

a. She has a broken car. (dia memiliki sebuah mobil yang rusak.)
Broken serves as an adjective and is located before the noun "car"
b. He was a boring man. (Dia adalah pria yang membosankan)
Boring serves as an adjective and is located before the noun "man"
c. The lesson is interesting to Andi. (Pelajaran tersebut menarik Andi)
Interesting serves as an adjective and is located after the verb "be" (is)