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Fluid Mechanics 1
ME 321
Dr. M. Ehtisham Siddiqui Week # 10
Assistant Professor FME
HITEC University
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Fluid Kinematics
Chapter # 04

It deals with various aspects of fluid motion without being

concerned with the actual forces necessary to produce the motion
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Learning Objectives
• Discuss the differences between the Eulerian and Lagrangian
descriptions of fluid motion.

• Identify various flow characteristics based on the velocity field.

• Determine the streamline pattern and acceleration field given a

velocity field.

• Discuss the differences between a system and control volume.

• Apply the Reynolds transport theorem and the material derivative

 Velocity Field
• Continuum hypothesis:

• fluid is made up of fluid particles;

• each particle contains numerous molecules;

• infinitesimal particles of a fluid are tightly packed together

• Thus, motion of a fluid is described in terms of fluid particles rather than

individual molecules.
• This motion can be described in terms of the velocity and acceleration of the fluid
particles
• At a given instant of time, description of any fluid property may be given as a
function of fluid location
• Representation of fluid parameters as function of time and spatial coordinates
is termed a field representation of the flow
• For example, temperature in the room is completely specified by temperature field

T  T  x, y, z, t 
Velocity Field
Velocity of a particle

d rA
VA 
dt

Velocity vector

V  V  x, y, z, t 

Velocity magnitude
Particle location in terms of its position vector

V  V  u 2  v2  w2

Velocity field V  u  x, y, z , t  ˆi  v  x, y, z , t  ˆj w  x, y, z , t  kˆ

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 Eulerian & Lagrangian Flow Description
There are two approaches in analyzing fluid mechanics problem
Eulerian method uses field concept
Lagrangian method involves following individual particle moving through
the flow.
Lagrangian information can be
derived from the Eulerian data – and
vice versa

Most fluid mechanics considerations

involve the Eulerian method

Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of temperature of a flowing fluid

 1, 2, & 3D Flows. Steady & Unsteady Flows
• Generally, a fluid flow is a rather complex three-dimensional, time-
dependent phenomenon

• In many situations, however, it is possible to make simplifying assumptions

that allow a much easier understanding of the problem without sacrificing
needed accuracy. One of these simplifications involves approximating a
real flow as a simpler one- or two-dimensional flow.

Visualization of the flow past a model airfoil Visualization of the flow over a rotating-disk
 1, 2, & 3D Flows. Steady & Unsteady Flows
• Steady flow – the velocity at a given point in space does not vary with
time, otherwise, flow is unsteady

• In general, fluid flow is three-dimensional and unsteady

• In many situations, flow can be simplified to steady, two- or one-

dimensional flow in order to make solution easier without loss of accuracy

All three velocity components of

flow over a rotating-disk
 Streamlines, Srteaklines and Pathlines
• Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines are used for flow visualization

• Streamline is used in analytical work while the streakline and pathline are
used in experimental work

• Streamline is a line, that is everywhere tangent to the velocity field

• Streamlines are obtained by integrating differential equation of streamline.

For two-dimensional flow dy/dx = v/u

• If flow is steady, streamlines are fixed lines in space

• Streakline consist of all particles in a flow that have previously passed

through the common point.

• Pathline is the line traced out by a given particle as it flows from one point
to another

• For steady flow streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines are the same
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Streamlines, Srteaklines and Pathlines

For a steady flow, the velocity vector at any

point is invariant with time.

The path lines of the particles with different

identities passing through P at different times
will not differ

The path line would coincide with one another

in a single curve which will indicate the streak
line too.
Pathlines

Streaklines
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Inviscid Flow Around A Cylinder

Example 4.3
Solution
(a) Streamline is given by solution of
dy v v0
 
dx u u0 sin   t  y v0  
Integration gives
u0  v0   cos   t  y v0    v0 x  C

At t = 0, C = u0v0/ω , and equation of streamline is

u0    y  
x  cos    1
   v0  
u0 y 
At t = π/2ω , C = 0, and equation of streamline is x  sin  
  0 
v

These two streamlines are not the same because flow is unsteady
V  v0 j at t  0
At the origin
V  u0 i  v0 j at t   2
(b) Pathline is obtained from velocity field
dx   y  dy
 u0 sin   t    and  v0
dt   v0   dt
Integration gives
  C1  
y  v0t  C1 and x   u0 sin    t  C2
  0 
v
For the particle that was at the origin
at time t  0, the pathline is

x0 and y  v0t

For the particle that was at the origin

at time t   2 , the pathline is

     
x  u0  t   and y  v0  t  
 2   2 
(c) Discuss the shape of the streakline that passes through the
origin

The streakline through the origin at

time t=0 is the locus of particles at
t=0 that previously (t < 0) passed
through the origin.

The net result is that a stream of

dye continually injected at the
origin (a streakline) would have the
shape shown in Figure