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ns2np1
ns2np2
ns2np3
ns2np4
ns2np5
ns2
d10
d1
d5
4f
5f
8.2
Classification of the Elements
8.2
General Periodic Trends
• Atomic and ionic size
• Ionization energy
• Electronegativity
• Electron Affinity
Higher effective nuclear charge
Electrons held more tightly
Larger orbitals.
Electrons held less
tightly.
Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) is the “positive charge” felt
by an electron.
Na 11 10 1 186
Mg 12 10 2 160
Al 13 10 3 143
Si 14 10 4 132
8.3
Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff)
increasing Zeff
increasing Zeff
8.3
8.3
8.3
Atomic Radii
8.3
Atomic Size
• Size goes UP on going down a group.
• Because electrons are added further from the
nucleus, there is less attraction. This is due to
additional energy levels and the shielding
effect. Each additional energy level “shields”
the electrons from being pulled in toward the
nucleus.
Atomic Size
Size decreases across a period owing to
increase in the effective nuclear charge.
Small
Large
8.3
Cation is always smaller than atom from
which it is formed.
Anion is always larger than atom from
which it is formed.
8.3
8.3
Chemistry in Action: The 3rd Liquid Element?
Liquid?
Ionization energy is the minimum energy (kJ/mol) required
to remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its ground
state.
I1 < I2 < I3
8.4
8.4
Filled n=1 shell
Filled n=2 shell
8.4
General Trend in First Ionization Energies
Increasing First Ionization Energy
Increasing First Ionization Energy
8.4
Electron affinity is the negative of the energy change that
occurs when an electron is accepted by an atom in the
gaseous state to form an anion.
X (g) + e- X-(g)
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.6
Group 1A Elements (ns1, n 2)
M M+1 + 1e-
8.6
Group 2A Elements (ns2, n 2)
M M+2 + 2e-
Be(s) + 2H2O(l) No Reaction
8.6
Group 7A Elements (ns2np5, n 2)
X + 1e- X-1
Increasing reactivity
8.6
Group 8A Elements (ns2np6, n 2)
8.6
Properties of Oxides Across a Period
basic acidic
8.6
Chemistry in Action: Discovery of the Noble Gases
Concept proposed by
Linus Pauling
1901-1994
Periodic Trends:
Electronegativity
• In a group: Atoms with fewer energy
levels can attract electrons better (less
shielding). So, electronegativity
increases UP a group of elements.
• In a period: More protons, while the
energy levels are the same, means atoms
can better attract electrons. So,
electronegativity increases RIGHT in a
period of elements.
Electronegativity