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Capacitors
Dielectric
_
Examples of Capacitors
• Electrolytic capacitors
• Air capacitors
Charging a capacitor
R
t
Computer simulation 1
Charging a capacitor
I I decreases
exponentially with t.
R
t
Charging and discharging capacitors
• Video
• Computer simulation 2
Charging a Capacitor (2)
Vc Vc ∝ Q I
or
Q
t
VC V0 (1 e
t
RC
) I I oe RC
t t
Charging of capacitors
t Computer simulation 1
Discharging of Capacitors (1)
t
Discharging a Capacitor (2)
VC
or
Q t
I I oe RC
t
Q Q0e RC
t
t
Capacitance (1)
Q
Capacitance is defined as C Unit : farad (F)
V
where Q = charge on one conductor
V = potential difference between two conductors
Capacitance of a Capacitor
Q
C
V
• Note that Q is not the net charge on the capacitor, which is zero.
• Capacitance is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge.
• The more charge a capacitor can hold at a given potential
difference, the larger is the capacitance.
• Capacitance is also a measure of the energy storage capability
of a capacitor.
• Unit of capacitance: CV-1 or farad (F).
• Farad is a very large unit. Common units are 1mF = 10-6 F, 1nF
= 10-9 F and 1pF = 10-12 F
Markings of capacitor
• Capacitance = Q/V
Q
+
+
• For an isolated conducting
+
sphere,
+ +
1 Q
V
+ 4 a
+
+ • ∴ C = Q/V = 4a
- - - - - - - -
Example 2
C = A/d
• C depends on the geometry of the conductors.
• Geometrical properties of capacitor
• Parallel plate capacitor capacitance depends
on area and plate separation. For large C,
we need area A large and separation d small.
A
C
d
Example 3
• Computer simulation 1
• Computer simulation 2
Formation of a Capacitor
When a capacitor is
charged, energy is
stored in the
dielectric material in
the form of an
electrostatic field.
Functions of Dielectrics
Cd
r
Cv o
• In series
Q Q1 Q2 Q3
V V1 V2 V3
1 1 1 1
C C1 C2 C3
1 1 1
V1 : V2 : V3 : :
C 1 C2 C3
The resultant capacitance is smaller than the smallest
Individual one.
Combination of Capacitors (2)
• In parallel
Q Q1 Q2 Q3
V V1 V2 V3
C C1 C2 C3
Q1 : Q2 : Q3 C1 : C2 : C3
• = CR
• The time constant is used to measure how long
it takes to charge a capacitor through a resistor.
• The time constant may also be defined as the
time taken for the charge to decay to 1/e times
its initial value.
• The greater the value of CR, the more slowly
the charge is stored.
• Half-life
– The half-life is the time taken for the charge in a
capacitor to decay to half of its initial value.
– T1/2 = CR ln 2
Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
• Condenser microphone
– sound pressure changes the
spacing between a thin
metallic membrane and the
stationary back plate. The
plates are charged to a total
charge
– A change in plate spacing will
cause a change in charge Q
and force a current through
resistance R. This current
"images" the sound pressure,
making this a "pressure"
microphone.
Applications of Capacitors (3)