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Chapter 8
Motivation
Abraham Maslow
Self-Actualization
Needs Human beings are
represent the need for motivated by a
self-fulfillment hierarchy of
unsatisfied needs.
Esteem Needs
desire for a positive self-
image and to receive attention
Belongingness Needs
desire to be accepted by one’s peers
Safety Needs
safe and secure physical and emotional environment
Physiological Needs
most basic human physical needs
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9
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Growth Needs
human potential,
personal growth, and increased
competence
Relatedness Needs
the need for satisfactory relationships
with others
Existence Needs
the needs for physical well-being
Motivators
Achievement Motivators
Recognition influence
Responsibility
Work itself
level of
Personal growth satisfaction.
Area of Dissatisfaction
Hygiene
Factors
Working conditions Hygiene factors
Pay and security influence level of
Company policies dissatisfaction
Supervisors
Interpersonal
relationships
Equity Theory
focuses on individuals’ perceptions of how fairly
they are treated compared with others
motivated to seek social equity in the rewards
they expect for performance
Change inputs
Change outcomes
Distort perceptions
Leave the job
Expectancy Theory
motivation depends on individuals’ expectations
about their ability to perform tasks and receive
desired rewards
concerned not with identifying types of needs but
with the thinking process that individuals use to
achieve rewards
based on the effort, performance, and desirability of
outcomes