Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
University of Glasgow
THE EXTERNAL
HAZARD
Radiation Protection Service
University of Glasgow
External Hazard
Alpha emitters
Beta emitters
• Dose depends on number of beta particles per unit area
• Independent of beta energy
• The range of 14C (low energy) betas in tissue @ 1 mm
• The range of 32P (high energy) betas in tissue @ 1 cm
• The dose rate Db in mSv/hr produced by a point source of
beta activity M MBq at distance 0.1m is given by
• Db = 1000 M mSv/hr at 0.1m
• This translates to 1 beta particle cm-2 s-1 ~ 1 mSv/hr
Radiation Protection Service
University of Glasgow
EXAMPLE:
ESTIMATE THE RADIATION DOSE RECEIVED AT THE
EYES OF A WORKER USING A SMALL UNSHIELDED 32P
SOURCE OF ACTIVITY 5 MBq FOR A PERIOD OF 15
MINUTES. ASSUME EYE-SOURCE DISTANCE IS 0.3M
EXAMPLE
Find the gamma dose rate at a distance of 0.5m
from a 60Co source of activity 50 MBq. Each
disintegration of 60Co results in the emission of
two gamma ray photons of energy 1.17 and 1.33
MeV respectively
It follows that E = 1.17 + 1.33 = 2.5 MeV
X-ray generators
Radiation Protection Service
University of Glasgow
X-ray tube
Example
Z = 29 for copper
D = 670 x 29 x 50 x 10 / 2500
D = 4 Gy/s
i.e. finger dose limit of 500 mSv reached in 125 ms
Radiation Protection Service
University of Glasgow
In context:
Dose rates @ 1 m for various (unshielded) sources
ALARP PRINCIPAL
USE LEAST ACTIVITY
Radiation Protection Service
University of Glasgow
LEAST ACTIVITY
• Use the least activity required to get good results
• Incorporation
• Counting efficiency / error / noise level etc
• Standard deviation varies as 1/√n
• i.e. doubling activity only improves statistical error by
√2
• 95% confidence level (2σ level) ~ 1000 counts above b/g
Radiation Protection Service
University of Glasgow
ALARP PRINCIPAL
USE LEAST ACTIVITY
USE LEAST TIME
Radiation Protection Service
University of Glasgow
LEAST TIME
Example:
A classified radiation worker is permitted to receive up
to 20 mSv per year ~ 400 mSv per week. How many hours
of each week can he spend in an area having an average
dose rate of 100 µSv/hr ?
ALARP PRINCIPAL
USE LEAST ACTIVITY
USE LEAST TIME
USE DISTANCE PROTECTION
Radiation Protection Service
University of Glasgow
DISTANCE PROTECTION
• If we double the distance from a point source of
radiation, the number of particles/unit area in a
given time is reduced by a factor of 4. This is an
example of the inverse square law ie…
Demonstration
Radiation Protection Service
University of Glasgow
ALARP PRINCIPAL
USE LEAST ACTIVITY
USE LEAST TIME
USE DISTANCE PROTECTION
USE SHIELDING
Radiation Protection Service
University of Glasgow
SHIELDING
Demonstration
Radiation Protection Service
University of Glasgow
Time!
Distance!
Shielding!