IPv4 - Mazenet

Networking Fundamentals
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Chapter 1 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
Network History
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Network History continued
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Networking:
Connecting two or more devices together to share datas.
Classification:
1.Peer to Peer (P2P)
2.Client-Server Model
Types:
1.LAN – Local Area Network
2.CAN – Campus Area Network
3.MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
4.WAN – Wide Area Network
5.SAN – Storage Area Network
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Peer-to-Peer Network
In a peer-to-peer network, individual users control their own
resources.
As peers, each computer can take on the client function or the
server function.
Ex: Instant Message (Gtalk, Skype)
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Client/Server Network
In a client/server arrangement, network services are located
on a dedicated computer called a server.
The server responds to the requests of clients for file, print,
application, other services and controls the clients.
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Data Networks
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LANs
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Linksys 33
LAN – Local Area Network

–A network that is limited to a relatively small area such as a room or a
single building (up to 2 km)
– Sometimes called a single location network
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Campus Area Network
To connect different LANs in a building or campus.
Ex: Colleges, Hospitals, Universities……
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Chennai Ambattur
T. Nagar
Tambaram
Teynampet
MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

–A network that connects two or more LANs, but does not extend beyond
the boundaries or the immediate town or city (up to 50 km)
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WANs
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 WAN – Wide Area Network
– Generally covers a relatively broader geographic area
– Usually uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers such
as telephone companies
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SANs
A SAN is a dedicated, high-
performance network used to
move data between servers
and storage resources.
Because it is a separate,
dedicated network, it avoids
any traffic conflict between
clients and servers.
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Types of Communication
Unicast is one to one communication
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Multicast is one to group communication
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Broadcast is one to all communication
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Transmission Types:
1.Simplex – One way Transmission
Ex: Cable Connection
2.Half Duplex – Two way Transmission but at one time

Ex: Walkie-Talkie
3.Full Duplex – Two way Transmission

Ex: Internet, Mobile
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Networking Devices:
1.Repeater
2.NIC Cards
3.Hub
4.Bridge
5.Switch
6.Router
7.Gateway
8.Modem
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Networking Devices
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Repeater
-A repeater is a network device used to regenerate a signal.
-Repeaters regenerate analog or digital signals distorted by
transmission loss due to Attenuation.
-Repeater is a Physical Layer device
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Network Interface Card
-The function of a NIC is to connect a host device to the network
medium.
-A NIC is a printed circuit board that provides network
communication capabilities.
-NICs are considered Data Link Layer devices
-NIC carries a unique code called a MAC address.
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Hub
-Hubs concentrate connections to
take a group of hosts and allow
the network to see them as a
single unit.
-Using shared technology
-Hub is a physical layer device.
Types:
Passive Hub = Normal Hub
Active Hub = Hub + Repeater
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Bridge
-Bridges are Data Link layer devices.
-Connected host addresses are learned and stored on a MAC
address table.
-Each bridge port has a unique MAC address
-Has only 4 ports
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Bridges
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MAC Address:
 Media Access Control
 Physical & Unique Address
 48 bit length & Hexa decimal format
 Stored in NIC Card
 Has two parts: Origin unique identifier (OUI) &
Device ID (each has 24 bits.)
 Ex: 70-71-BC-E8-35-5D
 To View MAC Address: Start – Run – Cmd –
Ipconfig/all
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MAC Address Table
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Workgroup Switch
-Workgroup switches add
more intelligence to data
transfer management.
-Switches can determine

whether data should remain
on a LAN or not, and they
can transfer the data to the
connection that needs that
data.
-Has many Ports such as

8,16,24,48…..and so on
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Router
Routers have all capabilities of the previous devices. Routers
can regenerate signals, concentrate multiple connections,
convert data transmission formats, and manage data
transfers.They can also connect to a WAN, which allows them
to connect LANs that are separated by great distances.
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The Cloud
The cloud is used in diagrams to represent where the
connection to the internet is.
It also represents all of the devices on the internet.
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IP-V4 Addressing
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Internet Protocol Address
 Used to identify the PC, Network and Location

 32 bit length (128 bit length for IPv6)
 Separated by DOTS
 Decimal Format
 Has 3 versions – IPv4, IPv6 and IPng (Next Generation)
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IP Addressing Structure
 Describe the dotted decimal structure of a binary IP
address and label its parts
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IPv4 Addresses
An IP address has two parts:
network number
host number
Which bits refer to the network number?
Which bits refer to the host number?

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Dividing the Network and Host Portions
11111111111111110000000000000000
 Subnet Mask
Used to define the:
Network portion
Host portion
32 bits
Contiguous set of 1’s followed by a contiguous set of 0’s
1’s: Network portion
0’s: Host portion
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Dividing the Network and Host Portions
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Dotted decimal: 255 . 255 . 0 . 0

Slash notation: /16
 Expressed as:
Dotted decimal
Ex: 255.255.0.0
Slash notation or prefix length
/16 (the number of one bits)
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Class Range Network Subnet Total Purpose Private Address
/ Host Id mask Range
A 0 – 126 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 16777216 Lan 10.0.0.1 –

10.255.255.255
B 128 – 191 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 65536 Lan 172.16.0.1 –
172.31.255.255
C 192 – 223 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 256 Lan 192.168.0.1 –
192.168.255.255
D 224 – 239 N.N.N.N 255.255.255.255 ---- Multicast Address ----
E 240 - 254 N.N.N.N 255.255.255.255 ---- Research Purpose -----
First IP Address: 0.0.0.0

Last IP Address: 255.255.255.255 (Broadcast Address)
Total IP Address: 2 to the power 8 = 256

Valid IP Address: 254 ( remove 0 & 255 as they are invalid)
Loopback IP Address: 127.0.0.1 – 254 (To check the given IP address is working or not)
APIPA Address: 169.254.X.X ( Automatic Private Internet Protocol Address) – When there is no IP
address, PC generates this address.
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Private IP Address Range:
Class Range Subnet mask CIDR
Value
A 10.0.0.1 – 10.255.255.255 255.0.0.0 /8
B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 255.255.0.0 /16
C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 255.255.255.0 /24
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Private Addresses
The private address blocks are:

 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)
With services to translate private addresses to public
addresses, hosts on a privately addressed network can
have access to resources across the Internet.
Public Addresses
These addresses are designed to be used in the
hosts that are publicly accessible from the Internet.
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Public and private address
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Planning to address the network
 Explain the importance of using a structured process to
assign IP addresses to hosts and the implications for
choosing private vs. public addresses
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Who assigns the different addresses
 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

 Registration companies are called Regional Internet
Registries (RIRs)
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ISP’s
 Identify different types of ISPs and their roles in
providing Internet connectivity
•The primary advantages

for customers of Tier 1
ISPs are reliability and
speed.
• Tier 2 ISPs generally focus on
business customers.
• Tier 3 ISPs is the retail and

home markets in a specific
locale.
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ISP’s
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IPv4 Addresses
 Newer technology - Classless IP Addressing
The subnet mask determines the network portion and the host
portion.
Value of first octet does NOT matter (older classful IP addressing)
Hosts and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR).
Classless IP Addressing is what is used within the Internet and in
most internal networks.
 Older technology - Classful IP Addressing (later)

Value of first octet determines the network portion and the host
portion.
Used with classful routing protocols like RIPv1.
The Cisco IP Routing Table is structured in a classful manner (CIS
82)
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Classful IP Addressing
 When an organization received an IP network address, that address was

associated with a “Class”, A, B, or C.
 This is known as Classful IP Addressing
 The first octet of the address determined what class the network belonged to
and which bits were the network bits and which bits were the host bits.
 There were no subnet masks.
 It was not until 1992 when the IETF introduced CIDR (Classless Interdomain
Routing), making the address class meaning less.
 This is known as Classless IP Addressing.
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Default Mask: 255.0.0.0 (/8)
Class A addresses
First octet is between 0 – 127, begins with 0
Network Host Host Host
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

With 24 bits available for hosts,
Number
between 0 - 127 there a 224 possible addresses.
That’s 16,777,216 nodes!
 There are 126 class A addresses.
0 and 127 have special meaning and are not used.
 16,777,214 host addresses, one for network address and one for broadcast address.
 Only large organizations such as the military, government agencies, universities, and
large corporations have class A addresses.
 For example ISPs have 24.0.0.0 and 63.0.0.0
 Class A addresses account for 2,147,483,648 of the possible IPv4 addresses.
 That’s 50 % of the total unicast address space, if classful was still used in the Internet!
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Default Mask: 255.255.0.0 (/16)
Class B addresses
Network Network Host Host
8 bits 8 bits
Number
between there a 216 possible addresses.
128 - 191 That’s 65,536 nodes!
 There are 16,384 (214) class B networks.
 65,534 host addresses, one for network address and one for broadcast
address.
 Class B addresses represent 25% of the total IPv4 unicast address space.
 Class B addresses are assigned to large organizations including corporations
(such as Cisco, government agencies, and school districts).
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Default Mask: 255.255.255.0 (/24)
Class C addresses
Network Network Network Host
8 bits
Number there a 28 possible addresses.
between
192 - 223
That’s 256 nodes!
 There are 2,097,152 possible class C networks.

 254 host addresses, one for network address and one for
broadcast address.
 Class C addresses represent 12.5% of the total IPv4 unicast
address space.
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IPv4 Address Classes
Class D Addresses
 A Class D address begins with binary 1110 in the first octet.
 First octet range 224 to 239.
 Class D address can be used to represent a group of hosts called
a host group, or multicast group.
Class E Addresses
First octet of an IP address begins with 1111
 Class E addresses are reserved for experimental purposes and
should not be used for addressing hosts or multicast groups.
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Classless IP Addressing
The subnet mask determines the network portion and the host
portion.
Value of first octet does NOT matter (older classful IP addressing)
Classless IP Addressing is what is used within the Internet and in
most internal networks.
 IP Add.======= 172.16.2.5 Is not the default mask

 Subnet mask=== 255.255.255.0
 Subnet== 172.16.2.0
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Know the classes! (Write this out)
First First Network Host
Class Bits Octet Bits Bits
A 0 0 – 127 8 24
B 10 128 - 191 16 16
C 110 192 - 223 24 8
D 1110 224 – 239
E 1111 240 -
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Types of addresses in an IPv4 network
 Name the three types of addresses in the network and
describe the purpose of each type
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Network / Broadcast Addresses
- Network address :
the first IP address in it which all host part bits = 0
- Broadcast address:
the last IP address in the network which all host part bits = 1
no. of host bits
- other addresses are host addresses = 2 -2
-Here are some examples:
Class Network Address Broadcast Address

A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 172.16.255.255
C 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.255
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Types of
Addresses
Network
Addresses have
all 0’s in the host
portion.
 Network address - The address by which we refer to the network

 Broadcast address - A special address used to send data to all
hosts in the network
 Host addresses - The addresses assigned to the end devices in
the network
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Types of
Addresses
Broadcast
Addresses have
all 1’s in the host
portion.

the network
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Types of
Addresses
Host Addresses
can not have all
0’s or all 1’s in the
host portion.

the network
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Bringing it all together
 Broadcast IP Address
 Convert these addresses and masks to Binary (to be used later)
Network: 10.1.1.0 00001010.00000001.00000001.00000000

Mask: /24 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Bcast: 10.1.1.255 00001010.00000001.00000001.11111111
Network: 10.2.0.0 00001010.00000010.00000000.00000000

Mask: /16 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Bst:10.2.255.255 00001010.00000010.11111111.11111111
Network 10.0.0.0 00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000

Mask: /16 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Bcast10.0.255.255 00001010.00000000.11111111.11111111
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 Given------------ IP Add. &subnet mask
 Determine -----the network ID which this IP belongs.
------the broadcast IP Add. Of the network.
----the range of usable IP Addresses.
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Calculating network, hosts, and broadcast
addresses
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- Which IP address should be assigned to PC B ?
A . 192.168.5.5
B . 192.168.5.32
C . 192.168.5.40 A
B
D . 192.168.5.63
192.168.5.33/27
E . 192.168.5.75 ?
Answer : C
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- Given the choices below, which address represents a
unicast address?
A. 224.1.5.2
B. FFFF. FFFF. FFFF.
C. 192.168.24.59/30
D. 255.255.255.255
E. 172.31.128.255/18
Answer : E
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Unicast, multicast, broadcast - types of
communication
difference between limited B.C
& directed B.C?
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Reserved IPv4 address ranges
 Identify the address ranges reserved for these special
purposes in the IPv4 protocol
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multicast address range
 multicast address range is subdivided into different types of

addresses:
 reserved link local addresses(224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 )
 globally scoped addresses. (224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255)
 administratively scoped addresses (239.0.0.0/8)
(limited scope addresses.)
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Special IPv4 addresses
 Describe the purpose of several special addresses
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Special IPv4 addresses
 Network and Broadcast Addresses

 Default Route
 Loopback
 Link-Local Addresses
These addresses can be automatically assigned to the local host by
the operating system in environments where no IP configuration is
available
 TEST-NET Addresses
Unlike the experimental addresses, network devices will accept
these addresses in their configurations.
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Static or dynamic addressing for end user
devices
 Explain how end user devices can obtain addresses
either statically through an administrator or dynamically
through DHCP
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Overview of IPv6
 Identify several changes made to the IP protocol in
IPv6 and describe the motivation for migrating from
IPv4 to IPv6.
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E- Simpler header
IP v.6 packet is simpler than IP v.4. (no fragmentation field).
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Ipv6 features
 Large address space

 No need for NAT/PAT
 IPsec.
 Transition tools
 Header improvements
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Summary
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ITE PC v4.0

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Networking Fundamentals

LAN – Local Area Network

To connect different LANs in a building or campus.

Ex: Colleges, Hospitals, Universities……

MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

Unicast is one to one communication

Multicast is one to group communication

Broadcast is one to all communication

2.Half Duplex – Two way Transmission but at one time

3.Full Duplex – Two way Transmission

Passive Hub = Normal Hub

Active Hub = Hub + Repeater

-Switches can determine

-Has many Ports such as

 Used to identify the PC, Network and Location

Which bits refer to the network number?

Which bits refer to the host number?

Dotted decimal: 255 . 255 . 0 . 0

A 0 – 126 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 16777216 Lan 10.0.0.1 –

E 240 - 254 N.N.N.N 255.255.255.255 ---- Research Purpose -----

First IP Address: 0.0.0.0

Total IP Address: 2 to the power 8 = 256

The private address blocks are:

 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

•The primary advantages

• Tier 3 ISPs is the retail and

 Older technology - Classful IP Addressing (later)

 When an organization received an IP network address, that address was

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

Network Network Host Host

Network Network Network Host

 There are 2,097,152 possible class C networks.

 IP Add.======= 172.16.2.5 Is not the default mask

C 110 192 - 223 24 8

D 1110 224 – 239

Class Network Address Broadcast Address

 Network address - The address by which we refer to the network

 Network address - The address by which we refer to the network

 Network address - The address by which we refer to the network

Network: 10.1.1.0 00001010.00000001.00000001.00000000

Network: 10.2.0.0 00001010.00000010.00000000.00000000

Network 10.0.0.0 00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000

 multicast address range is subdivided into different types of

 Network and Broadcast Addresses

 Large address space

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