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Membrane Technology for Water &


Wastewater Treatment

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What is
Membrane
A membrane is a thin layer of material which serves as a selective barrier between two phases and is
impermeable to specific particles, molecules, or substances when exposed to the action of a driving force

Feed Permeate

Reject
Why Membrane
Technology ?
 Compact, Small foot-print Increasing Applicability
 Good solid-liquid, liquid-liquid separation,  Clean technology with operational ease.
 Demand for higher quality products  Compact and modular design (using less space
 Energy consumption is generally low than traditional methods).
 No phase and temperature change  Produce high-quality products due to the high
selectivity of the membranes.
 Easy for reuse, recycle
 Allow the recovery of salable by-products from
 Increased regulatory pressures
waste streams, which increases their profitability.
 The rising interest in preserving natural resources
 Greater flexibility in designing systems.
 Environmental and economic sustainability.
 Easy incorporation to presently existing plants
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UseIncreasing applicability
There are various methods to enable substances to penetrate a membrane.
( where does the energy come from

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Membrane
Configuration

Hollow Fiber
HOLLOW FIBER module

Spiral wound
module
According to
Geometric Shape, FLAT SHEET
membranes can be
classified in
Plate and Frame
module

Tubular
TUBULAR module

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Hollow fiber

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Tubular

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Flat sheet

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Spiral wound

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Process flow patterns in Membrane

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Filtration Spectrum

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Different Types of Pressure driven membrane process

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Micro filtration
(MF)

 Is a type of physical filtration process where a contaminated fluid is passed through a special pore-sized
membrane to separate microorganisms and suspended particles from process liquid.
 Pore size range:10 um (starches) to aprx :0.1 um (DNA, Viruses, and globular proteins)

 serves as a pre-treatment for other separation processes such as ultrafiltration, and a post-treatment for
granular media filtration.

 In terms of molecular weight these membranes can separate macromolecules generally less than 100,000
g/mol.

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Ultrafiltration
(UF)
 Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven process that removes emulsified oils, metal
hydroxides, colloids, emulsions, dispersed material, suspended solids, and other large
molecular weight materials from water and other solutions.
 The separation is based on selective Molecular Weight Cut-Off (MWCO).
 Membrane pore diameter 0.001 – 0.1 μm.
 Ultrafiltration is not fundamentally different from reverse osmosis, microfiltration or Nano
filtration, except in terms of the size of the molecules it retains
 It operated at lower pressure 50-1000 x 10 3 Pa.

 It act as a Pre-Treatment for reverse osmosis to prevent fouling by suspended organic


materials
What & colloidal materials.
Can Ultrafiltration Remove? What can Ultrafiltration reduce?
• Total Organic Carbon
• Silicates • Color components
• Colloids Particulate Matter
• Algae
• Bacteria What can Ultrafiltration not remove?
• Coliform

• Salts
Viruses

• Gasoline
Giardia
• Sugars
• Cryptosporidium • Alcohols
• Oils and Grease • Low Molecular Weight Molecules
• Proteins
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UF
module
Multibore

Single bore

Pressurized

 Submerged vs. Pressurized


 Cross flow vs. Dead end
filtration
 Inside-out vs. Outside-in flow
Immersed
 Hollow fiber vs. Flat sheet
 Single bore & Multibore

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Membrane performance
When to use a UF?
affected by
• Concentration polarisation Removal of Suspended Solids (TSS, Turbidity, SDI)
• Membrane fouling Removal of Colloidal Material (i.e. Silica)
• Membrane cleaning Removal of Organics (TOC) using a coagulant (i.e Alum, FeCl2)
• Operating pressure Removal of metals using an oxidant (i.e Iron)

Membrane Advantages of using Ultra-filtration:


materials
Ultrafiltration membranes can be made from both organic  Physical Barrier Filtration
(polymer) and inorganic materials. The choice of polymer as a
membrane material is based on very specific properties such as  Improves downstream RO performance
molecular weight, chain flexibility, chain interaction, etc.  Chemical-Free Treatment Technique
 Replaces Multimedia Filters and Clarifiers
Some of these materials are
 Smaller space requirements
 Modular design for easy expansion
• Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)  Less manpower requirements
 Fully automated systems
• PVC/PAN copolymers  UF is a robust membrane process
• Polysulphone  Reduce foulants to the RO system
 Reduce RO Cleaning Costs
• PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride)
• PES (polyethersulfone)
• Cellulose acetate (CA)
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Schematic Diagram

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The UF system consists of the following operation modes
 
 Filtration Mode
 Backwash Mode (BW)
 Chemical Enhanced Backwash
 Forward Flush

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Membrane Bioreactor
( MBR)
MBR is an improvement of Conventional activated sludge process (CASP) , where the traditional
secondary clarifier is replaced by a membrane unit for the separation of treated water from mixed
solution in bioreactor.

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Advantages of MBR Disadvantages of MBR

Complete retention of suspended solids and most



 The membrane modules will need to be
soluble compounds
replaced somewhere between five (5) and
The overcomes the limitations associated with poor

ten (10) years
settling of sludge in conventional activated sludge
(CAS) processes.
 These modules can still be classified as
Smaller aeration basins and high BOD removals –
 expensive.
small foot print , compact  Usually these clarifiers - less than 2 HP.
The possibility of retaining all bacteria & viruses by
  MBR system’s energy cost is significantly
“Filtering action” of the membranes- higher,
Generally speaking it produces less waste activated

 Fouling is troublesome, and its
sludge than a simple conventional system. prevention is costly.
it allows for a wide range of water re-use applications

including landscape irrigation,


It has higher N & P removal rather than CASP

The MBR process is an excellent candidate for


preparing the water for RO treatment.

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Operating condition of
MBR

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Process Configuration in MBR

 Submerged or Immersed MBR (iMBR)


 External or Side stream MBR (EMBR)

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Reverse Osmosis ( RO )

• Reverse Osmosis is a modern process technology by which water of high solute concentration is
forced to flow through a semi-permeable membrane to the side of low solute concentration.
• Semi-permeable refers to a membrane that selectively allows certain species to pass through it while
retaining others.

• that is very effective in removing almost all inorganic contaminants and dissolved solids in fluids

DILUTE CONCENTRATED
SOLUTION SOLUTION

P > 
Reversing osmotic flow by applying a pressure in
excess of the osmotic pressure

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RO System Design
Parameters required for designing :

• Temperature (Max, Min & Average)  Manganese


• Chlorine Residual  Barium
• Turbidity
 Strontium
 Chlorite
• Suspended solids
 Sulfate
• Color.  Nitrate
• Silt Density Index  Ammonia
• pH  Phosphate
• colliform Count (bacteria)
 Fluoride
 Silica
• Total Plate Count
 Total Dissolved Solids
• Calcium  Hydrogen Sulfate
• Magnesium  Carbon Di Oxide
• Pottashium
• Iron

Note : Variation in these parameters should be noted and odours, traces of industrial pollutant,
clay, sand, rust, or other unusual characteristics should be described.

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Feed Water Limiting Parameters

Parameter Value
PH 3 – 10
Temperature < 45 C
Turbidity < 1.0 NTU
Silt density index < 4.0
Oil & grease Nil
Free chlorine < 0.01 mg/l
Fe, Mn < 0.01 mg/l

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Factors Which Affect Performance of Membranes

RECOVERY = PERMEATE FLOW = 0.75 OR 75 %

FEED FLOW 10 M3/HR PERMEATE 7.5m3/hr.


OF 50 PPM AT 5 PSI
FEDD TDS 4000 PPM
FEED PRESSURE 230 PSI

SALT PASSAGE = PERMEATE TDS


FEED TDS
= 0.05 OR 5 %
CONCENTRATE 2.5 M3/HR
SALT REJECTION = 100 - SALT PASSAGE
OF 3850 PPM AT 215 PSI
= 95 %.
P = FEED PR - CONC. PR

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RO System components
The basic expanded design of a single system includes the following:
• Raw water feed pump to supply water to the pre treatment
• Pre treatment system for Turbidity,TSS,Colloidal particles & Organic matter.
• Cartridge filter to remove micron size particle to control the SDI( Silt density index) of feed water
• Anti scalant dosing system.
• High pressure pump feed control valve to pressurize the feed water.
• Membranes housed in Pressure tubes.

Membrane manufactures
Dow Filmtec.,U.S.A.
Fluid systems U.S.A.
Hydranautics U.S.A.
Osmonics inc U.S.A.
Trisep USA.
Saehan KOREA

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Membrane manufactures
• Dow Filmtec.,U.S.A.
• Fluid systems U.S.A.
• Hydranautics U.S.A.
• Osmonics inc U.S.A.
• Trisep USA.
• Saehan KOREA

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Conclusion

• Membrane technology is well accepted in high quality of water production-


drinking, process, bottled, laboratory & Industrial reuse.
• Membrane tech is growing fast & instrumental for implementation of zero
discharge concept
• Membrane technology will be central in public water production
• Membrane is to be household technology in many industries for process
water treatment, waste recycling and cleaner production

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Membrane Technology Comparison Chart

Feature Microfiltration Ultrafiltration Nanofiltration Reverse Osmosis


Polymers Ceramics, sintered metals, Ceramics, sintered metals, Thin film composites, Thin film composites,
polypropylene, cellulosics, polysulfone, cellulosics cellulosics
polysulfone, polyethersulfone,
polyethersulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride
polyvinylidene fluoride,
polytetrafluoroethy-liene

Pore Size Range 0.01 - 1.0 0.001 - 0.01 0.0001 - 0.001 <0.0001
(micrometers)
Molecular Weight Cutoff >100,000 2,000 - 100,000 300 - 1,000 100 - 200
Range (Daltons)
Operating Pressure Range <30 20 - 100 50 - 300 225 - 1,000

Suspended Solids Yes Yes Yes Yes


Removal
Dissolved Organics None Yes Yes Yes
Removal
Dissolved Inorganics None None 20-85% 95-99%
Removal
Microorganism Removal Protozoan cysts, algae, Protozoan cysts, algae, All* All*
bacteria* bacteria*
Osmotic Pressure Effects None Slight Moderate High

Concentration Capabilities High High Moderate Moderate

Permeate Purity High High Moderate-high High


Energy Usage Low Low Low-moderate Moderate
Membrane Stability High High Moderate Moderate
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EID PARRY – COGEN PLANT. CONSULTANT – AVANT- GARDE

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RO skid

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Thank You !

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Schematic diagram of RO unit for brackish water

Lime or lime - soda Activated


coagulant aids carbon filter
Sand Anti
filter Scalent.
coagulation and
sedimentation

DESALATION Cartridge
Product SECTION High pressure filter
water Membrane modules pump

Waste
brine

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Operating Parameters to be monitored
.Feed Pressure
Concentration
pH
Temperature
Permeate Concentration
Flow
Pressure
Concentrate Flow
Pressure
Concentration
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Design Parameters
 Osmosis – the passage of a solvent (e.g., water) through a semi-permeable membrane from a
solution of lower concentration to a solution of higher concentration so as to equalize the
concentrations on either side of the membrane

 Osmotic Pressure – the amount of pressure that must be applied to stop the natural process of
Osmosis

 Permeate – the water that passes through a nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (RO)
membrane

 Reject/Concentrate – the continuous waste stream (typically consisting of concentrated dissolved


solids) from a membrane process, usually in association with nanofiltration (NF) and reverse
osmosis (RO) processes; in some cases also used to describe a continuous bleed stream of
concentrated suspended solids wasted from microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) systems
operated in a cross flow configuration

 Brine – a saline solution with a concentration of dissolved solids exceeding that of seawater
(i.e.,approximately 35,000 mg/L)

 Flux – the throughput of a pressure-driven membrane filtration system expressed as flow per unit
of membrane area (e.g., gallons per square foot per day (gfd) or liters per hour per square meter
(Lmh)
 Recovery factor = Permeate flow rate/Feed flow rate * 100

 Trans membrane Pressure (TMP) – the difference in pressure from the feed (or feed concentrate
average, if applicable) to the filtrate across a membrane barrier
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