ORACLE PLSQL

INTRODUCTION
 PL/SQL is one of three key programming dialects inserted
in the Oracle Database, alongside SQL itself and
Java.PL/SQL to continue with Oracle database and other
progressed RDBMS ideas.
 Facts About PL/SQL
 PL/SQL is a totally versatile, elite exchange preparing
dialect.
 PL/SQL gives an implicit, deciphered and OS free
programming condition.
 PL/SQL can likewise specifically be called from the order
line SQL*Plus interface.
 Coordinate call can likewise be produced using outside
programming dialect calls to database.
 PL/SQL's general sentence structure depends on that of
ADA and Pascal programming dialect.
 Aside from Oracle, PL/SQL is accessible in TimesTen in-
memory database and IBM DB2.
Highlights of PL/SQL

 PL/SQL is firmly coordinated with SQL.

 It offers broad mistake checking.
 It offers various information composes.
 It offers an assortment of programming structures.
 It underpins organized programming through capacities
and systems.
 It underpins protest situated programming.
 It underpins the improvement of web applications and
server pages.
 PL/SQL
 SQL is the standard database dialect and PL/SQL is
emphatically coordinated with SQL. PL/SQL underpins both
static and dynamic SQL. Static SQL underpins DML tasks
and exchange control from PL/SQL piece. In Dynamic SQL,
SQL permits installing DDL explanations in PL/SQL pieces.

 PL/SQL permits sending a whole piece of articulations to the

database at one time. This diminishes arrange activity and
gives superior to the applications.

 PL/SQL gives high profitability to software engineers as it

can inquiry, change, and refresh information in a database.
 PL/SQL spares time on outline and troubleshooting by solid
highlights, for example, exemption taking care of,
exemplification, information stowing away, and question
arranged information writes.
•Applications written in PL/SQL are completely
convenient.
•PL/SQL gives high security level.
•PL/SQL gives access to predefined SQL bundles.
•PL/SQL offers help for Object-Oriented Programming.
•PL/SQL offers help for creating Web Applications and
Server Pages.
 Each piece code comprises of three sub-parts

1.Declarations:-
This area begins with the watchword DECLARE. It is a
discretionary area and characterizes all factors, cursors,
subprograms, and different components to be utilized as a part of
the program.
2.Executable Commands:-
This area is encased between the watchwords BEGIN and END
and it is a compulsory segment. It comprises of the executable
PL/SQL articulations of the program. It ought to have no less
than one executable line of code, which might be only a NULL
order to show that nothing ought to be executed.
3.Exception Handling:-
This segment begins with the watchword EXCEPTION. This
discretionary area contains exception(s) that handle mistakes in
the program.
The PL/SQL Identifiers

 PL/SQL identifiers are constants, factors, special cases,

systems, cursors, and held words. The identifiers comprise
of a letter alternatively took after by more letters,
numerals, dollar signs, underscores, and number signs and
ought not surpass 30 characters.
 As a matter of course, identifiers are not case-delicate. So
you can utilize number or INTEGER to speak to a
numeric esteem. You can't utilize a held catchphrase as an
identifier.
PL/SQL Program Units

 PL/SQL block
 Function
 Package
 Package body
 Procedure
 Trigger
 Type
 Type body
Looping

 Programming dialects give different control structures that

take into account more confused execution ways.
 A circle articulation enables us to execute an
announcement or gathering of proclamations numerous
circumstances and following is the general type of a circle
explanation in a large portion of the programming
dialects.
String
 The string in PL/SQL is actually a sequence of characters
with an optional size specification. The characters could be
numeric, letters, blank, special characters or a combination
of all.
 The string in PL/SQL is really a succession of characters
with a discretionary size particular. The characters could be
numeric, letters, clear, unique characters or a blend of all.
PL/SQL offers three sorts of strings
 1.Fixed-length strings − In such strings, developers indicate the
length while pronouncing the string. The string is correct
cushioned with spaces to the length so indicated.
 2.Variable-length strings − In such strings, a greatest length up
to 32,767, for the string is indicated and no cushioning happens.
 3.Character extensive items (CLOBs) − These are variable-
length strings that can be up to 128 terabytes.
 Array
 The PL/SQL programming dialect gives an information
structure called the VARRAY, which can store a settled
size successive gathering of components of a similar
kind. A varray is utilized to store a requested
accumulation of information, in any case it is regularly
better to think about an exhibit as a gathering of factors
of a similar sort.
 All varrays comprise of adjoining memory areas. The
most reduced deliver relates to the main component
and the most elevated deliver to the last component.
Subprograms
 PL/SQL subprograms are named PL/SQL obstructs that can
be conjured with an arrangement of parameters. PL/SQL
gives two sorts of subprograms:-
 1.Functions − These subprograms restore a solitary esteem;
for the most part used to figure and restore an esteem.
 2.Procedures − These subprograms don't restore an esteem
straightforwardly; basically used to play out an activity.
 Calling a Function
 While making a capacity, you give a meaning of what the
capacity needs to do. To utilize a capacity, you should call that
capacity to play out the characterized undertaking. At the point
when a program calls a capacity, the program control is
exchanged to the called work.
 A called work plays out the characterized assignment and when
its arrival articulation is executed or when the last end
proclamation is achieved, it restores the program control back to
the fundamental program.
 To call a capacity, you essentially need to pass the required
parameters alongside the capacity name and if the capacity
restores an esteem, at that point you can store the returned esteem
PL/SQL Recursive Functions

 We have seen that a program or subprogram may call

another subprogram. At the point when a subprogram calls
itself, it is alluded to as a recursive call and the procedure
is known as recursion.
cursor

 cursor is a pointer to this setting region. PL/SQL controls

the setting zone through a cursor. A cursor holds the lines
(at least one) returned by a SQL proclamation. The
arrangement of lines the cursor holds is alluded to as the
dynamic set.
 You can name a cursor so it could be alluded to in a
program to get and process the lines returned by the SQL
articulation, each one in turn.
 There are two kinds of cursors:-
 1.Implicit cursors
 2.Explicit cursors
 Implicit Cursors
 Understood cursors are consequently made by Oracle at whatever
point a SQL proclamation is executed, when there is no express cursor
for the announcement. Software engineers can't control the certain
cursors and the data in it.
 At whatever point a DML proclamation (INSERT, UPDATE and
DELETE) is issued, an understood cursor is related with this
announcement. For INSERT tasks, the cursor holds the information
that should be embedded. For UPDATE and DELETE tasks, the cursor
recognizes the columns that would be influenced.
 In PL/SQL, you can allude to the latest certain cursor as the SQL
cursor, which dependably has traits, for example, %FOUND,
%ISOPEN, %NOTFOUND, and %ROWCOUNT. The SQL cursor has
extra qualities, %BULK_ROWCOUNT and %BULK_EXCEPTIONS,
intended for use with the FORALL proclamation
Exception
 PL/SQL underpins software engineers to find such
conditions utilizing EXCEPTION obstruct in the program
and a proper move is made against the mistake condition.
There are two sorts of exemptions .
 1.System-characterized exemptions
 2.User-characterized exemptions
Explicit Cursors

 Unequivocal cursors are software engineer characterized

cursors for increasing more control over the setting zone.
An unequivocal cursor ought to be characterized in the
revelation area of the PL/SQL Block. It is made on a
SELECT Statement which returns in excess of one
column.
record
 A record is an information structure that can hold information
things of various types. Records comprise of various fields,
like a line of a database table.
 For instance, you need to monitor your books in a library. You
should need to track the accompanying traits about each
book, for example, Title, Author, Subject, Book ID. A record
containing a field for every one of these things permits
regarding a BOOK as a legitimate unit and enables you to sort
out and speak to its data betterly.
 PL/SQL can deal with the accompanying kinds of records:
 1.Table-based
 2.Cursor-based records
 3.User-characterized records
Raising Exceptions

 Exemptions are raised by the database server naturally at

whatever point there is any interior database mistake, yet
special cases can be raised unequivocally by the developer
by utilizing the charge RAISE.
 Client Characterized Exceptions

 PL/SQL enables you to characterize your own special cases as

indicated by the need of your program. A client characterized
special case must be pronounced and after that raised
unequivocally, utilizing either a RAISE explanation or the
strategy DBMS_STANDARD.RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR.
Pre-characterized Exceptions

 PL/SQL gives numerous pre-characterized exemptions,

which are executed when any database control is damaged
by a program. For instance, the predefined special case
NO_DATA_FOUND is raised when a SELECT INTO
proclamation restores no columns.
Triggers
 Triggers are put away projects, which are naturally executed
or terminated when a few occasions happen. Triggers are,
indeed, composed to be executed in light of any of the
accompanying occasions −
 A database control (DML) explanation (DELETE, INSERT,
or UPDATE)
 A database definition (DDL) explanation (CREATE, ALTER,
or DROP).
 A database task (SERVERERROR, LOGON, LOGOFF,
STARTUP, or SHUTDOWN).
 Triggers can be characterized on the table, view, mapping, or
database with which the occasion is related.
Bundles

 Bundles are blueprint protests that gatherings intelligently

related PL/SQL writes, factors, and subprograms.
 A bundle will have two obligatory parts:
 1.Package detail
 2.Package body or definition
 Bundle Specification
 The particular is the interface to the bundle. It just DECLARES
the sorts, factors, constants, special cases, cursors, and
subprograms that can be referenced from outside the bundle.
 At the end of the day, it contains all data about the substance of
the bundle, however rejects the code for the subprograms.
 All items put in the detail are called open articles. Any
subprogram not in the bundle particular but rather coded in the
bundle body is known as a private question.
Bundle Body

 The bundle body has the codes for different techniques

pronounced in the bundle particular and other private
affirmations, which are avoided the code outside the
bundle.
 The CREATE PACKAGE BODY Statement is utilized for
making the bundle body.
 collection
 A collection is a requested gathering of components having
similar information compose. Every component is distinguished
by an extraordinary subscript that speaks to its situation in the
collection.
 PL/SQL gives three collection composes:
 1.Index-by tables or Associative exhibit
 2.Nested table
 3.Variable-measure cluster or Varray
Tuning Oracle Database
 This information about tuning Oracle Database for
performance.
 1.Performance Planning
 2.Instance Tuning
 3.SQL Tuning
 Performance Tunning
 One of the greatest obligations of a DBA is to guarantee that the
Oracle database is tuned legitimately. The Oracle RDBMS is
profoundly tunable and enables the database to be observed and
acclimated to build its execution.
 One ought to do execution tuning for the accompanying reasons:
 The speed of registering may squander profitable human time
(clients sitting tight for reaction).
 Empower your framework to stay aware of the speed business is
led.
 Improve equipment use to spare cash (organizations are burning
through millions on equipment).
Always remember that tuning ought to be gone for settling business
issues:

•The overnight clump occupations don't complete till noon a screen takes
10 seconds to invigorate, and SLA says 1 second a report is required like
clockwork, yet it takes 20 minutes to produce.

•Try not to tune since you see some figure in a report that you don't care.

•For instance, no end client has ever called the assistance work area to
gripe that "there are an excessive number of cradle occupied hold up
occasions".

•Despite the fact that this site isn't excessively worried about equipment
issues, one needs to recall than you can't tune a Buick into a Ferrari.
Workflow Diagram
THANK YOU
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