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The guide map to knowledge and

preventive medicines.
The earth in 3D.
 The earth in 2D.
What we call a world map.
ëhromosome in 3D.
 ëhromosome in 2D.
What we call a genetic map.
This method essentially is a
kind of language«
The language of geneticists.
o« what is genetic mapping? (technically!)

Ê The diagrammatic, graphical

representation of relative distances
between genes of a chromosome is
called linkage or genetic map.
ets start with Mendel¶s 2nd law.

Ê ³When the parents differ from each other

in 2 or more pairs of contrasting
characters or factors, then the
inheritance of one pair of factors is
INDEPENDENT of the other pairs of
factors.´- this he called the law of
independent assortment.
The conditions«

1. The genes have to be located on

different chromosomes.
2. The genes, if located on the same
chromosome should be sufficiently far
from each other.
Ê In order to undergo independent assortment.
Then what on earth is linkage?!

Ê When two genes are located on the

same chromosome, they tend to be
inherited together as ³linked´ groups,
Ê This is what we call the linkage.
inkage types.

linkage

complete incomplete

100% linked genes. Few cases of crossing over

ërossing over in pictorial language.
The frequency of recombination.

Ê Say, in 50 meiotic cells, the case being

between AB/ab parents, there is one
crossing over observed, the 49 cells
without a cross over result in 98AB,
98ab(The non-recombinants). The 1 cell
with a crossover results in AB, Ab, aB,
ab. Thus the recombination frequency is
2/200 or 1%, also called 1 map unit or
1cM.

Page.129. genetics, Jones and Bartlett

The dogma of mapping.

Ê The distance between the adjacent

genes is defined to be proportional to the
frequency of recombination between
them.
Ê The unit of map distance is defined as
1% recombination, the map unit or
centimorgan.
Methods to mapping.

mapping

diploids bacteria viruses

Three point test cross Transformation mapping

ëonjugation mapping
|ene mapping from three point test
crosses.

 Three genetic markers in a single

chromosome are chosen.
 Studied subject: corn (Zea mays).
 ëross: three point test cross.
 Markers: lz-lazy, prostrate growth habit
gl-glossy leaf
su-sugary endosperm«.
all recessives.
Multiply heterozygous parent

 |enotype- Z | SU
---------------------

lz gl su
ð




 
 

ð


   

  number


 

   

Normal (wild type) Z | SU 286

azy lz |l SU 33
|lossy Z gl SU 59
Sugary Z | su 4
azy, |lossy z gl SU 2
azy, sugary z | su 44
|lossy, sugary Z gl su 40
azy, glossy, sugary z gl su 272

 


 

     

 
Ê The effect of double crossing over, is to
exchange the members of the middle pair of
alleles between the chromosomes.
Ê This means that if the parental chromosomes
are Z | SU and lz gl su.
Ê And the double crossover chromosomes are
Z | su and lz gl SU.
«««««««««.
Summarizing the data.
LZ SU GL 286
Parental types
lz su gl 272
LZ Su gl 40 Single crossovers between
lz and su.
lz SU GL 33
LZ SU gl 59 Single crossovers between
su and gl.
lz su GL 44
LZ su GL 4 Double crossover types.
lz SU gl 2

TOTA 740
The chromosomes that are
recombinant between lz and su.
 40+33+4+2=79
 That is 79/74010.7 %
 The map distance between these
genes is thus10.7 map units.
The chromosomes that are
recombinant between su and gl.
 59+44+4+2=109
 That is 109/74014.8%
 The map distance between the two
genes is 14.8 map units.
The genetic map of the segment.

10.7cM 14.8cM
lz su gl

25.5cM
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Ê Transformation (as usual) can be put to use

in genetic mapping.
Ê It involves observing the co transformation
for sequence analysis of genes.
˜


 ùnowledge.
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 The probabilities of cystic fibrosis (inherited
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 A generalization can pin point the variation!