Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
17-2
u Other sources
(1) Newspapers (e.g., Wall Street Journal )
(2) Periodicals (e.g. Forbes, Fortune)
(3) Financial information organizations such
as: Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s, Dun &
Bradstreet, Inc., and Robert Morris
Associates
(4) Other business publications
17-7
Methods of
Financial Statement Analysis
l Horizontal Analysis
l Vertical Analysis
l Common-Size Statements
l Trend Percentages
l Ratio Analysis
17-8
Horizontal Analysis
Vertical Analysis
For a single financial
statement, each item
is expressed as a
percentage of a
significant total,
e.g., all income
statement items are
expressed as a
percentage of sales
17-10
Common-Size Statements
Financial statements that show
only percentages and no
absolute dollar amounts
17-11
Trend Percentages
Show changes over time in
given financial statement items
(can help evaluate financial
information of several years)
17-12
Ratio Analysis
Expression of logical relationships
between items in a financial
statement of a single period
(e.g., percentage relationship
between revenue and net income)
17-13
CLOVER CORPORATION
Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31, 1999 and 1998
Increase (Decrease)
1999 1998 Amount %
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 67,000 $ 44,000 $ 23,000 52.3
Notes payable 3,000 6,000 (3,000) (50.0)
Total current liabilities 70,000 50,000 20,000 40.0
Long-term liabilities:
Bonds payable, 8% 75,000 80,000 (5,000) (6.3)
Total liabilities 145,000 130,000 15,000 11.5
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock 20,000 20,000 - 0.0
Common stock 60,000 60,000 - 0.0
Additional paid-in capital 10,000 10,000 - 0.0
Total paid-in capital 90,000 90,000 - 0.0
Retained earnings 80,000 69,700 10,300 14.8
Total stockholders' equity 170,000 159,700 10,300 6.4
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 315,000 $ 289,700 $ 25,300 8.7
17-23
CLOVER CORPORATION
Comparative Income Statements
For the Years Ended December 31, 1999 and 1998
Increase (Decrease)
1999 1998 Amount %
Net sales $ 520,000 $ 480,000 $ 40,000 8.3
Cost of goods sold 360,000 315,000 45,000 14.3
Gross margin 160,000 165,000 (5,000) (3.0)
Operating expenses 128,600 126,000 2,600 2.1
Net operating income 31,400 39,000 (7,600) (19.5)
Interest expense 6,400 7,000 (600) (8.6)
Net income before taxes 25,000 32,000 (7,000) (21.9)
Less income taxes (30%) 7,500 9,600 (2,100) (21.9)
Net income $ 17,500 $ 22,400 $ (4,900) (21.9)
17-25
CLOVER CORPORATION
Comparative Income Statements
For the Years Ended December 31, 1999 and 1998
Increase (Decrease)
1999 1998 Amount %
Net sales $ 520,000 $ 480,000 $ 40,000 8.3
Cost of goods sold 360,000 315,000 45,000 14.3
Gross margin 160,000 165,000 (5,000) (3.0)
Operating expenses 128,600 126,000 2,600 2.1
Net operating income 31,400 39,000 (7,600) (19.5)
Interest expense
Sales increased by 6,400 7,000net
8.3% while (600) (8.6)
Net income before taxes 25,000 32,000 (7,000) (21.9)
income decreased by 21.9%.
Less income taxes (30%) 7,500 9,600 (2,100) (21.9)
Net income $ 17,500 $ 22,400 $ (4,900) (21.9)
17-26
140
Trend line
130 for Sales
% of 100 Base
120
110
100
90
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Sales
Years
Expenses
17-35
Ratios
Ratios can be expressed in three
different ways:
1. Ratio (e.g., current ratio of 2:1)
2. % (e.g., profit margin of 2%)
3. $ (e.g., EPS of $2.25)
CAUTION!
“Using ratios and percentages without
considering the underlying causes may
be hazardous to your health!”
lead to incorrect conclusions.”
17-36
Categories of Ratios
l Liquidity Ratios
Indicate a company’s short-term
debt-paying ability
l Equity (Long-Term Solvency) Ratios
Show relationship between debt and
equity financing in a company
l Profitability Tests
Relate income to other variables
l Market Tests
Help assess relative merits of stocks in
the marketplace
17-37
NORTON CORPORATION
Income Statements
For the Years Ended December 31, 1999 and 1998
1999 1998
Net sales $ 494,000 $ 450,000
Cost of goods sold 140,000 127,000
Gross margin 354,000 323,000
Operating expenses 270,000 249,000
Net operating income 84,000 74,000
Interest expense 7,300 8,000
Net income before taxes 76,700 66,000
Less income taxes (30%) 23,010 19,800
Net income $ 53,690 $ 46,200
17-45
Working Capital*
The excess of current assets over
current liabilities.
12/31/99
Current assets $ 65,000
Current liabilities (42,000)
Working capital $ 23,000
* While this is not a ratio, it does give an
indication of a company’s liquidity.
17-48
Current $65,000
= = 1.55 : 1
Ratio $42,000
in Accounts Receivable
#4
Days’ Sales
365 Days
in Accounts =
Accounts Receivable Turnover
Receivables
Days’ Sales
365 Days
in Accounts = = 13.67 days
26.70 Times
Receivables
in Accounts Receivable
#4
Days’ Sales
365 Days
in Accounts =
Accounts Receivable Turnover
Receivables
Days’ Sales
365 Days
in Accounts = = 13.67 days
26.70 Times
Receivables
Inventory Turnover
#5
Inventory Cost of Goods Sold
=
Turnover Average Inventory
Inventory $140,000
= = 12.73 times
Turnover ($10,000 + $12,000) ÷ 2
Inventory Turnover
#5
Inventory Cost of Goods Sold
=
Turnover Average Inventory
Inventory $140,000
= = 12.73 times
Turnover ($10,000 + $12,000) ÷ 2
Would 5 be a
desirable number of times
for inventory to turnover?
17-57
Equity, or Long–Term
Solvency Ratios
This is part of the information to
calculate the equity, or long-term
solvency ratios of Norton Corporation.
NORTON CORPORATION
1999
Net operating income $ 84,000
Net sales 494,000
Interest expense 7,300
Total stockholders' equity 234,390
17-58
NORTON CORPORATION
1999
Common shares outstanding
Beginning of year 17,000
End of year 27,400
Net income $ 53,690
Here is the Stockholders' equity
rest of the
Beginning of year 180,000
information
we will End of year 234,390
use. Dividends per share 2
Dec. 31 market price/share 20
Interest expense 7,300
Total assets
Beginning of year 300,000
End of year 346,390
17-59
Equity Ratio
#6
Equity Stockholders’ Equity
=
Ratio Total Assets
Equity $234,390
= = 67.7%
Ratio $346,390
Return on
$53,690
Stockholders’ = = 25.9%
($180,000 + $234,390) ÷ 2
Equity
Important measure of the
income-producing ability
of a company.
17-63
Earnings $53,690
= = $2.42
per Share (17,000 + 27,400) ÷ 2
Alternate #3
17-67
Price-Earnings Ratio
P/E Multiple
#10
Important Considerations
l Need for comparable data
u Data is provided by Dun &
Bradstreet, Standard & Poor’s etc.
u Must compare by industry
u Is EPS comparable?
l Impact of inflation
17-69