J A Hickey- first newspaper in India.- Bengal gazette [Culcutta General Advertiser]- weekly journal- [weekly political & commercial paper open to all parties but influence by none] • reproduced content from English newspapers from London, carried major developments in Europe, scathing criticism against- Governor General, Chief Justice, arrival and departure of ships, auctions of foreign goods, marriage, engagements, domestic quarrels, slavery etc. used nick names to attack officials. • Postal facilities were withdrawn when the writing became vulgar and scurrilous. • Defamatory suit was filed by a Sweedish missionary against Hickey- 4 months imprisonment, 500 rupees fine- continued to write from jail • Company seized his printing press and in march 1782 hickey closed his press • Deported to England PRINT MEDIA JOURNALISM • RAJA RAM MOHUN ROY MULTI-LINGUAL JOURNALISM • 1821-22 Sambad Kaumudi- Bengali- Campaigned against sati. • 1821- Brahmanicle Magazine • 1822-23 Mirat Ul Akbar- Persian- closed down to protest against ‘ Press Regulation of 1823’- filed a case against the regulation in SC; rejected. • Carried topics like freedom of press, inclusion of Indians into higher ranks etc.’ • According to him freedom of press means freedom to pursue truth; and it’s the duty of the rulers to protect it. • His views were even carried in Culcutta Journal PRINT MEDIA JOURNALISM • JAMES SILK BUCKINGHAM • On September 22, 1818 the prospectus of a newspaper was published. • The ‘Calcutta Journal’ appeared as bi-weekly with eight pages on Oct 2, 1818. • As an editor, Buckingham considered it his Sacred right to admonish Governors of their duties, to warn them furiously of their faults and to tell disagreeable truths through his newspaper • On May 1, 1819 the Calcutta Journal was converted in to the ‘First Daily of Calcutta • The value of the enterprise in 1822 was estimated at 40,000 pounds • He was fearless in writing against certain Indian customs like Sati system. Parda and child marriages • He advocated the policy of freedom press & expression. He was of an opinion that free press is required to keep a check on the working of the government. PRINT MEDIA JOURNALISM • In 1819 he again targeted corrupt system of East India Company by making adverse comments on the appointment of Hugh Elliot as the Governor of Madras • Libel suits were filed against him. In 1823, Buckingham’s license to stay in India was revoked and he was deported back to England. • In England he filed a case against East India Company and was awarded 500 pounds as a compensation every year in 1834. PRINT MEDIA JOURNALISM • MK GANDHI • Indian opinion- 1903 (SA- unification of Indians- English Tamil Gujrathi and Hindi- Tabloid size NP published every Saturdays) • Young India (English) , & Nav Jivan-1919 • Harijan-1933 (Published in English, Urdu, Tamil. Telugu, Oriya, Marathi, Gujarathi, Kannada and Bengali) • Laid certain journalistic standards [educate people so that they could understand significance of Independence; his motto as a journalist was service and to seek truth] ‘Functions of newspaper is to understand the popular feeling and give expression to it; to arouse among people a certain desirable sentiments; and fearlessly expose popular defects’ He published no advertisements in Young India and Harijan PRINT MEDIA JOURNALISM • BG HORNIMAN • 1984- Journalistic career begun as reporter for the Southern Daily Mail • 1897- Editor of Southern Daily Mail • Worked in Daily Express, Daily Chronicle, Manchester Guardian • 1906- News Editor and Assistant editor of Statesman • 1913-1919- Editor of Bombay Chronicle (Perozsah Mehta) • Adopted anti-colonial voice • Became the mouth piece of freedom movement • Smuggled Jallianwallbagh Massacre photographs to London and exposed in Daily Herald • 1919 Deported to England- Authored- British Administration & Amritsar Massacre in 1920 • 1927- Returned to India and resumed the editorship of Bombay Chronicle • 1929- Indian National Herald • 1933- Bombay Sentinal PRINT MEDIA JOURNALISM • S SADANAND • Started journalistic career in 1917 • He joined civil disobedience movement • He worked in API, ENA, INAS • Worked for ‘ Independent’ ; Rangoon times in Burma • 1927- Started Free Press News Service (Ist NA owned and operated by an Indian)- with an objective to collect and disseminate news with accuracy and impartiality from Indian view point • Co imposed strict censorship towards FPA • 1930- started FPJ to support FPA • 1932- Indian Express took over FPJ • 1935 closed down • He wanted to resume FPA after independence- but Sardar Patel denied license PRINT MEDIA JOURNALISM UNIT 3. History of Kannada Journalism 1843- Mangaluru Samachara[ Herman Mongling] 1849- Subudhir Prakasha- First kannada weekly 1859-1864- Mysuru Vrithantha Bodhini [patronized by Mysore King- Bhashyam Tirumalacharya- Editor] 1865- Karnataka Prkashika- 1866- Msysore Gazette- anglo- kannada weekly (notifications and circulars of mysore govt) M. Vekatakrishnaiah – Pioneer of Kannda journalism (Hita Bodhini- 1883; Sadhvi-1899 He trained Gopala Iyengar & M Srinivasa Iyengar – Started Kannadia Nadagannada- Bangalore- 1895 First Daily- Suryodaya Prakashika- 1888- B Narasinga Rao 1908- Mysore NP regulation Act – Licensing was imposed Kanadia Nadagannadi was the victim M Vekatakrishnaiah protested and closed his publications PRINT MEDIA JOURNALISM Kannada Kesari- 1888- Hubbali Vokkaligara Patrika- 1907- Bangalore Arthasadika Patrika- 1914 First Women Journalist- T. Sanjeevamma- Sahodaya 1914- Shimoga Kannada Nandini- Tirumalamma- 1916 DV Gundappa- samachar Sangraha- 1907- daily & a weekly sumati- 1909 1922-Jayakarnataka- Alur Venkata Rao; Veera Kesari- Seetarama Sastri; both influenced by Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s Keasari. 1921- Vishwa Karnataka- T Tatacharya- Played prominent role in freedom struggle. 1929- the paper was suppressed by the Govt. 1921- Karmaveer [HR Purohit- 30 years] 1926- Tainadu- PR Ramaiah [weekly NP] 1929 converted to daily Samyukta Karnataka [Hubbali] Supporting freedom movement in North Karnataka 1929- Loka Sikshana Trust; Weekly- Daily 1933- K. Madhava Rao, Rama Rao Hukkerikar, RR Diwakar; HR Hanumanthray- Editor. PRINT MEDIA JOURNALISM 1947- Vishwa Karnataka- Hubbali 1948- KN Guruswamy – The Printers [mysore] Pvt Ltd- Deccan Herald June 16, 1948; Prajavani, Sudha, Mayura 1954- Prapancha- Patil Puttappa 1967- Kannada Prabha [ NIE] 1969- Janamitra- Chickmangalur 1970- Udayavani- Manipal- TMA Pai, T Upendra Pai [Tushara- 1973; Roopathara- 1977; Tharanga-1983] Vijayakarnatka VRL- 1999; 2010- TOI; Vijayavani VRL- april 2011. MAJOR NP in KARNATAKA [VK, Prajavani, Kannada Praha, Udayavani, Samyukta Karnataka, Varthabharathi] PRINT MEDIA JOURNALISM STATUS OF KANNADA JOURNALISM 1. 570 crore Rs Industry- vernacular ; 4 percent CAGR; 325 publications 2. Embracing digital media 3. Multi-coloured content’ 4. Newspackaging 5. Supplements 6. Editions 7. Improving circulation figures[ VK- 32.68; Prajavani 29; Kannada Prabha-11.5; Udayavani 8.90] 8. Political ownership and favouritisim 9. Mere translation of English contents 10. TV, Online becoming more prominent