INTRODUCTION

TO
HYDROPOWER
 CE-636 HYDROPOWER ENGINEERING (3L, 1T) 25-25-50
 
Water Power: Introduction, sources of energy, Role of hydropower in a power system
(3)
Estimation of water power potential: Flow duration curves of gauge and ungauge
streams, Load curve, Load factor, Capacity factor, Utilization factor, Diversity factor,
Load duration curve, Firm power, secondary power, Prediction of load.
(7)
Types of Hydro-power plants: Run of river plants, General arrangement of run of river
plants, Valley dam plants, Diversion canal plants, High head diversion plants, Storage
and pondage, Pumped storage power plants.
(4)
Penstocks: General classification, design criteria, economical diameter, anchor blocks,
valves, bends and manifolds.
(6)
Trash racks: Types, loses, design, stability
(4)
Intakes: Types, losses, air entrainment, anti-vortex device, air vent, power channels,
forebay, Tunnel.
(6)
Turbines: Introduction, types of turbines, hydraulics of turbines, velocity triangles, draft
tubes, cavitation in turbines, Turbine model testing, characteristics of turbines.
(6)
Water Hammer and Surges: Introduction, Water Hammer, Transients caused by
turbine, Load acceptance and rejection, Resonance in Penstocks, Surge tanks,
Channel surges.
(6)
References

Water Power Engineering by M.M. Dandekar and K.H. Sharma, Vikas Publishing House
Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.
Water Power Engineering by H.K. Barrows, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd.,
New Delhi, 1943.
Hydro Power Structures by R.S. Varshney, Nem Chand & Bros., Roorkee, 2001.
Hydro Electric Engineering by P.S. Nigam, Nem Chand & Bros., Roorkee, 2001.
Applied hydraulic transients by M.H. Choudhary, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New
York, 1987.
Fluid transients by V.L. Streeter and B. Wylie, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,
1967.
Hydropower Engineering by C. C. Warnick, Prentice-Hall , New Jersey, 1984.
Norwegian Institute of Technology (1992-93): Hydropower Development: Volumes 3, 4, 5
& 6 , Division of Hydraulic Engineering, Oslo , Norway
Hydropower Engineering Handbook by J.S. Gulliver and R.E.A. Arndt, McGraw Hill Inc.
NY, 1991.
 SOURCES OF ENERGY

One of the four fundamental requirements – food, water, energy and environment
Per capita electricity consumption

World 2,000 kWh/year (average)

USA 10,500 kWh/year

Sweden 12,500 kWh/year

Norway 21,000 kWh/year

India 612 kWh/year
Sources of Energy
Main sources: Fossil fuels, water, nuclear etc.

1. Renewable and Non-renewable energy

Renewable energy : Water, wind, tidal, solar & geo-thermal.
Non-renewable energy : Fossil fuels: coal, oil, lignite, natural gas
Nuclear: Thorium and uranium

2. Commercial and non-commercial energy

Commercial energy : Thermal power (coal and lignite), hydropower,
nuclear power, hydrocarbons (oil, natural gas, and biogas)
Non- Commercial energy : Animal dung, Agricultural waste, fuel wood

3. Conventional and non-conventional energy

Conventional energy : Hydro, thermal, nuclear
Non- Conventional energy : Solar, wind, bio-mass, gobar gas, geothermal
THERMAL POWER

Coal  Heat  High pressure steam  Turn turbines  Generation of electricity

Advantages
 Shorter gestation period
 Located near the load centre
 Low initial cost
 High capacity rating m/c
Disadvantages
•· Serious pollution and ecological hazards
•· Complicated thermal equipments
•· Complicated operation and maintenance
•· Emissions to the atmosphere of greenhouse gas
•· Long distance transportation of coal and high cost of mining
•· Limited operational life of thermal plants
•· Variation in output is generally low
•· Thermal losses at starting and stopping the plant.
NUCLEAR POWER

Uranium (fission) Heat  High pressure steam  Turn turbines  Generation of electricity

Advanced countries now depend fully on nuclear power. In France 80 % of national power
generation is by nuclear; 40% in Sweden and 30% Japan.

Advantages

 More scientific, economical, reliable, ecological more acceptable

Disadvantages

• Potentially threat to the surrounding if accidentally released

• Trained operation required
• Problem in disposing off used radioactive materials
 TIDAL POWER Sea

Dyke Sluice P/H Sluice Dyke

Basin or estuary

 Power generation is not constant

 First project in France in 1967 of 240 MW

 In India, tidal power generation is envisaged in gulf of Cambay near Bhawnagar


 (5000-6000 MW) -


Advantages

• Pollution
 free power generation
• Power generation is not susceptible to vagaries of nature such as failure of monsoon.

• Everlasting
• No uprooting of pollution
• No lost of forest cover etc.
Disadvantages

 High initial cost

 Low head as tidal is limited
 Variation in power output – lunar cycle
 Turbines have to work on a wide range of head – low efficiency
 Equipments are susceptible to corrosion

WIND POWER

Wind mills  to pump water

Wind driven generators
 The capital cost of wind energy is about Rs. 50 million /MW and the generation
cost is Rs. 2.75/unit

Limitations:

 Violently fluctuating in its speed and duration

 Not feasible in calm localities.
SOLAR POWER

India has the world’s largest deployment of solar Photovoltaics of 35 MW. The capital cost of solar is Rs. 30
million/MW and the generation cost is Rs. 10-12/kWh.

GAS TURBINE GENERATION

GEOTHERMAL POWER

 Non-conventional energy

BIOGAS
 A clean, cheap & non-polluting fuel produced from organic material like cattle dung, human waste and
different type of biomass. The end product is fertilizer.

 The capital cost of biomass power is about Rs. 40 million/MW and generation cost is about Rs. 1.75-
2 /kWh.
Why Hydropower?

 Renewable source of energy

 Operational & economic superiority

 Clean & non-polluting source of energy

 Part of multipurpose river valley projects

 Low generation cost

 Longer span of life – 50 yrs

 Reliable source of energy – minimum maintenance

 Quick start & stop, picking up and dropping loads in a few minutes

 Peaking operation of hydro projects enables optimum utilization of thermal capacity

 Due to fast response, the hydro plants enhance system stability

 Socio-economic benefits
 MAJOR PROBLEMS/CONSTRAINED ASSOCIATED WITH HYDRO DEVELOPMENT

1. Resource Crunch – paucity of funds

Lakhwar Vyasi (UP) 420 MW; Manei Bhali II (UP) 304 MW; Larji (HP) 126 MW

2. Rehabilitation and Resettlement

Sadar Sarovar; Tehri; Indira Sagar

Large Vs Small Dams

Small Dams: > Shorter gestation period

> Low capital investment
> Quick returns
> Lower reservoir capacity
> Reservoir filled with silt in a very short time
> Sufficient number of dam sites are not available
> Total reservoir area is more
> Environmental losses is more in small dams

Large Dams: > Mitigate the flood

> Development of irrigation
> Development of water supply
> Boost the power industries
> Tourism
> Navigation
> Problem of rehabilitation and resettlement
 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION

• Each year between 1.2 and 2.1 million people are displaced
worldwide as a consequence of new dam construction alone.

• 3-Gorges of China alone displaced more than one million

people.

• Displaced communities often experience decline standards of

living.

Processes related to resettlement and rehabilitation are:

• Displacing people (resettlement)

• Restoring their livelihoods through the rebuilding or

“rehabilitation” of their communities
3. Land Acquisition

Dhauliganga; Koel-Karo of NHPC; Ranjit Sagar Dam

4. Contractual Problems
Limited number of competent contractors

5. Interstate Disputes

Sewa project (J &K); Narmada, Godavari; Krishna; Kauvery

6. Law & Order

Disturbed condition like in J&K (Uri, Dul hasti, Upper Sindh)

7. Purchase of Power

Low demand of power in some of the states

8. Risk in Developing Hydel Projects

Land slides; rock slides; flood; earthquake; cloud burst

9. Time and cost over-runs

Long gestation period results in time and cost over-runs

10. Environment & Forest Clearance Problems

DPR should include detailed studies on project area, ecology, wildlife, human life etc. as per MOEF (Environmental act
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Wheel
 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (Continued)

2000 B.C. : Egyptians and Greeks harnessed the hydropower to turn wheels and
grind grain

Romans constructed paddle wheels to lift the water

Middle Age : More Efficient water wheels were built

1849 : First modern turbine was developed by James B. Francis

1895 : First hydroelectric generator was built at Niagara Falls, NY, which
set the standard for other hydropower installations

During the twentieth century, Europe and America developed much of their
hydropower potential

Asia’s development of hydropower exceeded that of America and Europe in the

terms of installed capacity

Asia, South America and Africa still have vast untapped hydropower potential.
HOW HYDROPOWER WORKS?

Hydropower comes from flowing water, which is a component of

hydrologic cycle.

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Ref.: US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Power Resources Office, Oct. 2004
P=QgH
H
TYPES HYDROPOWER PLANTS

Storage type plants

Run-of-river plants
Pumped storage plants
Small hydropower plants
Hydrokinetic plants
STORAGE TYPE PLANTS
RUN-OF-RIVER PLANTS

Intake
Di
ve
rs
ion
str
uc
tu
re

Outlet
RUN-OF-RIVER PLANTS (Continued)
PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS

Upper reservoir

Generating

Lower reservoir
Pumping

Pumped storage
power plant
 EFFICIENCY OF PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS

Let Q is discharge and H is gross head

Energy generated during one cycle, E g

0 
Energy consumed during same cycle, E p

E g  gQ H  h f  t t  overall efficiency of generation

E p  gQ H  h f  / p p  overall efficiency of pumping operation

if h f  kH

0 
1  k   
1  k  t p

If k=0.02; t = 0.88; and p= 0.85 then overall efficiency is 72%

SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS
 1 1
HYDROKINETIC PLANTS E QV 2  AV 3
2 2
HYDROKINETIC PLANTS According to the US Energy
Information Administration (EIA),
hydrokinetic source of clean energy
could very possibly produce as
much as 23 GW by 2025 and 100
GW by the year 2050.

Verdant Power has won the first

ever commercial license for a
hydrokinetic tidal power facility in the
U.S., and that could be just the first
drop in a torrent of more than 100
new hydrokinetic projects that are
still in the initial stages of permitting
around the country.

Verdant’s project, called RITE for

Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy, will
tap the powerful currents of New
York City’s East River to generate
hydrokinetic electricity.
HYDROKINETIC PLANTS
Primary configurations of HEC systems
Axial-flow
Cross-flow, and
Oscillating
HYDROKINETIC PLANTS

Axial-
flow
T  ( L sin   D cos  )r
P  T

Cross-flow

Straight-bladed & Helical-bladed X-flow turbine

Oscillating – vortex induced

vibrations
BASICS OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
& Trash racks
TRANSMITTING POWER

Raise voltage

Bring down the high voltage

Ref.: US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Power Resources Office, Oct. 2004
POWER GRID
All power plants may use the same system of transmission lines and stations (Power Grid) in an
area to bring power to you. By the use of “power grid” electricity can be interchanged among
several utility systems to meet varying demands.

Ref.: US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Power Resources Office, Oct. 2004
FEW MAJOR HYDROPOWER PROJECTS

Itaipu Project (Brazil and Paraguay,12600 MW)

Three Gorges Project (China, 18200 MW)

Bhakra Project (India,1000 MW)

Tehri Project (India, 1000 MW)

Ref: Hydropower & Dams World Atlas 2004

 ITAIPU PROJECT

The Itaipu project of Brazil

and Paraguay has attracted
more than 9 million visitors
from over 50 countries since it
was completed in 1983. Its
power house produces
12,600 megawatts (MW),
almost enough to power all of
California. The project
supplies 78% of the entire
electricity demand in
Paraguay and 25% of the
demand in Brazil
 Three
Gorges
Project
of
China Gorge view
Functions:
Flood control,
power
generation,
improved
navigation.

Location: Sandouping, Yichang, Hubei province

Dam Won't Affect Navigation on Yangtze River.

Three Gorges Project to Take 17 Years 1993-2009; Commission in 2012.

World's Largest Hydropower Plant: 32 turbines each of 700 MW, total 22,500 MW.
Three Gorges Reservoir inundated 632 sq. km-the world's largest inundated area by a
single project.
Three
Gorges
Project
of
China

(Dam
view)
Normal pool level of the reservoir = 175 m;
Total storage capacity = 40 billion cubic metres;
Total acreage of the reservoir = 1100 square kilometers.
Cost of dam = $29 billion, and will create a 600 km long lake.
More than 1 million people have to be relocated, numerous cities, towns
and factories will be flooded.
 BHAKRA HYDROPOWER PROJECT

RESERVOIR
Left Power Plant

DAM

Right Power Plant

 SALIENT FEATURES OF BHAKRA DAM
(Highest in Asia and second largest in the world)

Type of Dam :Concrete gravity

Height above the deepest foundation ;225.55 m

Height above the river bed :167.64 m

Steel used :101600 tonne

Increased capacity of left bank power plant:

540 MW - 5 units of 108 MW each

Increased capacity of right bank power plant:

660 MW - 5 units of 132 MW each

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PROJECT
TEHRI HYDRO
POWER PROJECT
 R
VE
HRT OF PSP HRT OF HPP PSP TRT OF PSP
RI

DIVERSION (1000MW)
A A

TUNNEL T1&T2
GN
ANL
IL
BH

TRANSFORMER HALL
POWER INTAKE
M/C HALL
OF HPP
OF HPP

POWER INTAKE
OF PSP SHAFT SPILLWAYS
TRT OF HPP
TEHRI DAM

ER
IV
R
I
H
R

AT
VE

IR
RI

AG
I
H

BH
A T
IR
AG INTERMEDIATE
BH
LEVEL OUT LET

SHAFT CHUTE
DIVERSION SPILLWAYS SPILLWAY
TUNNEL T3 & T4
 RESERVOIR

Water Spread : 42 km2

Gross Storage : 3540 Mm3
Live Storage : 2615 Mm3
Max. Flood Level : EL 835 m
Full Reservoir Level : EL 830 m
MDDL : EL 740 m
 DAM & SPILLWAY

Type : Earth & Rockfill

Height of dam : 260.5 m
Base Width : 1125 m
Width at top : 25.5 m
Length at the top : 592.7 m
U/s Slope : 2.5H : 1V
D/s Slope : 2H : 1V
 INTAKES

INTAKES
 El.839.5 m El. 842 m

El. 830.2 m
SHELL : 201.6 LAC CUM
CLAY : 35.3 LAC CUM
FILTERS : 15.10 LAC CUM
RIP RAP : 27.8 LAC CUM
TOTAL QTY OF FILL PLACEMENT : 279.8 LAC CUM
 HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
IN WORLD

Economically feasible hydropower potential 9,575,500

(GWh/year)

Installed hydro capacity (MW) 1,122,964

Prod’n by hydro plants in 2015 (GWh/year) 3,901,710

Hydro capacity under construction (MW) 145,988

Planned hydro capacity (MW) 322,428-697,150

Percentage development 40.75

 WORLD HYDRO POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT (Continued)

Country  Africa Asia Australia Europe North South

and America
Central
America
Economically feasible 1123400 4783700 89200 854800 1047700 9575500
hydropower potential
(GWh/year)
Installed hydro capacity 31177 562779 13772 182209 174258 1122964
(MW)

Prod’n by hydro plants in 117020 1822546 44563 566594 681251 3901710

2015 (GWh/year)

Hydro capacity under 14990 88195 56 7089 9048 145988

construction (MW)

Planned hydro capacity 40623- 187620- 320-4624 16455- 26153- 322428-

(MW) 125403 415096 19329 49341 697150

Percentage Development 10.42 38.10 50 66.3 65 40.75

Ref: World Atlas 2016: International Journal of hydropower and Dams

SOURCES OF TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDIA

(Hydropower & Dams World Atlas 2016)

MAIN SOURCES OF GROSS ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN INDIA

Total gross electricity production = 558 134 GWh/year in year 2003-04

= 659 419 GWh/year in year 2006-07
= 704 000 GWh in year 2008
YEAR 2003-04 = 811104 GWh in year 2010-11

YEAR 2010-11

YEAR 2008

(Hydropower & Dams World Atlas 2012)

 As on 30-6-2013
INSTALLED CAPACITY

Ministry of Power
 HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT

 The first systematic and comprehensive study to assess potential hydropower resources
in India was undertaken in 1953-1959 by the Central Water and Power Commission.
These studies placed the economic hydropower potential of the country at 42, 100 MW at
60% load factor.

 The potential was then reassessed by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) in 1987. That
survey estimated 84,044 MW at 60% load factor from 845 power stations. The survey also
identified 56 sites for pumped storage scheme totaling about 94,000 MW.

 Re-assessment 1,48,701 MW at 60% load factor . About 22.6% of it has been developed.

 India ranked seventh in the world in terms of available and exploitable hydro potential

Total installed hydro capacity
Hydro plants generated
Under construction
Planned
Per capita electricity consumption
= 38990.4 MW (& 42300 MW including small hydro)
= 123100 GWh in 2007-2008 (17.5 % of national
electricity).
= 113720 GWh in 2012-13
= 12372 MW
= 58586 MW
= 813 kWh in 2010-11
HYDRO PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

Parbati-II HP 800 MW
Parbati-III HP 520 MW
Kol Dam 800 MW
Tapovan Vishnugad 520 MW
Subansiri Lower Assam 2000 MW
Kameng Ar.P. 600 MW
Baglihar J&K 450 MW
Teesta III WB 1200 MW
Teesta IV WB 500 MW
Kashang 195 MW
Hirong 500 MW
Vishnugard Pipalkoti 444 MW
Ratle 850 MW
Siang Lower Phase-I 1500 MW
Ramman 120 MW
Shongtong Karchham 450 MW
PLANNED HYDROPOWER PROJECTS

Pakal Dul 1000 MW

Tipainmukh 1500 MW
Dibang 3000 MW
Siang Upper 10000 MW
Lower Siang 2700 MW
Naba 1000 MW
Oju II 1000 MW
Subansiri Middle 1600 MW
Subansiri Upper 1800 MW
Naying 1000 MW
Siyom/Siang Middle 2700 MW
Etalin 4000 MW
Kalai II 1200 MW
Hotong II 1250 MW
Kalai I 1450 MW
Kalai II 1200 MW
Demwe Lower 1750 MW
Demwe Upper 1080 MW
Tawang II 1000 MW
Bursar 1020 MW

H&D 2016
GENERATION COST OF ELECTRICITY

SOURCE Generation Cost

Rs/kWh

Gas Turbine 1.7

Hydropower 1.0

Coal 0.90

Wind 0.85

Nuclear 0.20

Source: H&D 2009

Pump-Storage Plants

Capacity in operation 4785.6 MW

Small Hydro Power ( < 25 MW)

Potential = 15384 MW
Total installed capacity = 3300 MW (800 schemes)
271 schemes with a total installed capacity = 914.8 MW are under
construction/Implementation
BASIN-WISE HYDRO POTENTIAL

Source: CEA, India

TECHNICALLY FEASIBLE HYDROPOWER
POTENTIAL OF TOP FIVE COUNTRIES

China 2,720,000 GWh/year

Brazil 1,250,000 GWh/year
Russia 1,670,000 GWh/year
Canada 981,000 GWh/year
India 660,000 GWh/year

Ref: Hydropower & Dams World Atlas 2016