Chapter 2

Chemical Kinetics
 SCOPE
• Reaction Rate Expression
• Factors affecting Reaction Rate
• Rate Law and Its Component
• Integrated Rate Laws:
First and Second Order Reactions
• Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
• Catalysis
 LEARNING OUTCOME
• Able to determine simple reaction orders.
• Able to apply the Arrhenius equation and
rate law in calculations.
• Able to identify reaction mechanism and rate
determine step for a given reaction.
• Able to understand basic concepts in
catalysis.
 LEARNING OUTCOME
• Determine reaction orders
• Calculate rate constants
• Write expression for integrated rate laws
• Determine half life
LEARNING OUTCOME
• Apply Arrhenius equation to calculate
rate constant or activation energy.

• Express rate law based on elementary

reactions

• Derive rate law using rate-determining

step
 2.1 Reaction Rate Expression
• Chemical kinetics is the study of the rate
of a reaction
• The reaction rate is the speed with
which reactants disappear and products
form
• Reaction rates are always reported as
positive values
• The unit is mol L–1 s–1
 2.1 Reaction Rate Expression
• Rate of reaction: the change in concentrations of
reactants or products per unit time
• Consider this reaction, A  B
Δ 
Average rate =
Δt
 = delta = (final - initial) concentration of
reactant/product
use [ ] to express concentration in moles/liter

• Average rate =  ΔA  = ΔB

Δt Δt
• The unit of reaction rate is: mol/L.s or M/s
Average, Instantaneous and Initial Rates
• Instantaneous rate:
slope of a line tangent
to the curve at a
particular point (e)
• Initial rate:
the instantaneous rate
at the moment
reactants are mixed (a)
• Average rate:
slope of line joining any
two points (b,c,d)
2.1 Reaction Rate Expression
Consider the reaction A→B
2.1 Reaction Rate Expression
Consider the reaction A →B
 2.1 Reaction Rate Expression
Consider the reaction A →B

• The concentration of the reactant, A, decreases

with time
conc of A at time t2 – conc of A at time t1 Δ[A]
rate (A) = =
t2 – t1 Δt

• The concentration of the reactant, B, increases

with time
conc of B at time t2 – conc of B at time t1 Δ[B]
rate (B) = =
t2 – t1 Δt
 2.1 Reaction Rate Expression
Consider the reaction A →B
Calculate the average rate at which [A] changes in
the first 50 seconds
Δ[A]
rate (A) =
Δt

([A]t=50 – [A]t=0)
=
50 s – 0 s

(0.0629 mol L-1 – 0.0750 mol L-1)

=
50 s

= -(-2.4 × 10-4 mol L-1 s-1)

= 2.4 × 10-4 mol L-1 s-1

 2.1 Reaction Rate Expression
Consider the reaction A →B

• The rate at a particular time is called the

instantaneous rate
• This can be determined from the slope of a
tangent to the curve
• For example, from plotting of [A] against time,
at t = 50 s
-d[A]
rate = -(slope of tangent line) =
dt
= 2.3 × 10-4 mol L-1 s-1
 2.1 Reaction Rate Expression
Reaction: CD
Supposed the reaction begins with 1.00 mol C.
At t =0 there is 1.00 mol C, no D present.
At t =10 min, there is 0.74 mol C and 0.26 mol D
At t =40 min, there is 0.30 mol C and 0.70 mol D.
Calculate average rate from t = 0 to t = 10 min.
Δ(moles D)
average rate 
Δt
(mol D at t  10 min) - (mol D at t  0)

10 min  0 min
0.26 mol - 0 mol
  0.026 mol/min
10 min - 0 min
 2.1 Reaction Rate Expression

Consider:

C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) → C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

Butyl chloride Butyl alcohol

We can calculate the average rate in terms of

the disappearance of C4H9Cl.
 2.1 Reaction Rate Expression
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) → C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

Time (s) [ C4H9Cl ] (M)

0.0 0.1000
50.0 0.0905
100.0 0.0820
150.0 0.0741
200.0 0.0671
300.0 0.0549
400.0 0.0448
500.0 0.0360
800.0 0.0200

Plot [ C4H9Cl ] versus time

 2.1 Reaction Rate Expression
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l)  C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

0.12 [C4H9Cl] vs time

0.1

0.08
[C4H9Cl]

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

time
 2.1 Reaction Rate Expression
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) → C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

Average rate of disappearance of C4H9Cl

Δ(C 4 H 9 Cl)

Δt

 C 4 H 9 Clfinal time  C 4 H 9 Clinitial time 

  
 final time  initial time 
 2.1 Reaction Rate Expression
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) → C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

Time (s) [ C4H9Cl ](M) Ave.rate (M/s)

0.0 0.1000
1.9 x 10-4
50.0 0.0905 1.7 x 10-4
100.0 0.0820 1.6 x10-4
150.0 0.0741 1.4x10-4
200.0 0.0671 1.22x10-4
300.0 0.0549 1.01 x10-4
400.0 0.0448 0.80x10-4
500.0 0.0360 0.56x10-4
800.0 0.0200
Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry
Reaction : relationship one-to-one
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) → C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

1 mole of C4H9OH is produced for each mole of

C4H9Cl consumed. H2O is consumed and HCl is
produced.
ΔH 2 O ΔHCl
Rate   
Δt Δt
ΔC 4 H 9 Cl ΔC 4 H 9 OH 
  
Δt Δt
Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry
Reaction : relationship is not one-to one
2HI(g) → H2(g) + I2(g)

The rate of disappearance of HI is twice the rate of

appearance of H2 and I2 .
1 ΔHI ΔH2  ΔI2 
rate =   
2 Δt Δt Δt

In general for: aA + bB  cC + dD
1 ΔA  1 ΔB 1 ΔC 1 ΔD
rate =    
a Δt b Δt c Δt d Δt
Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry
Example

Write the rate expressions for the following

reactions in terms of the disappearance of
the reactants and the appearance of the
products.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

22
Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry

Solution:
1 ΔNH 3  1 ΔO 2 
rate   
4 Δt 5 Δt

1 ΔNO 1 ΔH 2 O
 
4 Δt 6 Δt
23
Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry
Example
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)
If the butane concentration is decreasing at a rate of
0.20 mol L–1 s–1, at what rate is the oxygen
concentration decreasing?

Solution
0.20 mol C4H10 13 mol O2 =
1.3 mol O2
rate (O2) = x
Ls 2 mol C4H10 Ls

Oxygen reacts at a rate of 1.3 mol L–1 s–1

2.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Principal factors influence reaction rates
1. Chemical nature of the reactants
2. Ability of the reactants to come in contact
with each others
3. Concentrations of the reactants
4. Temperature
5. Availability of rate-accelerating agents called
catalysts
2.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Chemical nature of the reactants
– During reactions, bonds break and new bonds form
– Some reactions are fast by nature and others are
slow
2.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Ability of the reactants to meet
– Most reactions involve two or more reactants
whose particles (atoms, ions or molecules)
must collide for the reaction to occur
– In a homogeneous reaction, all of the reactants
are in the same phase
– In a heterogeneous reaction, the reactants are
present in different phases

Surface area  , Rate 

2.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Surface area
– The area of contact between the phases
determines the reaction rate
A: nail (low surface area) B: Steel wool (high surface area)
2.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Concentration of the reactants
– The rates of both homogeneous and
heterogeneous reactions are affected by the
concentrations of the reactants

Rate  collision frequency  concentration

Concentration  , Rate 
2.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Temperature of the system
– Almost all chemical reactions occur faster at
higher temperatures
Rate  collision energy  temp

Temperature  , rate 

a: energetic collision
- lead to product

b,c,d: molecules just bounce off!!

2.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Presence of catalysts

– Catalysts are substances that increase the

rate of chemical reactions without being
used up
– For example, enzymes that direct our body
chemistry are all catalysts
2.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
Presence of catalysts
 2.3 Rate Laws
• A rate law is an equation in which the rate is
given as a function of reactant concentrations

– for example, rate = k[HI]n

k is the rate constant of the reaction
n is the order of the reactant
Both rate constant (k) and order of the
reactant (n) must be experimentally
determined
 2.3 Rate Laws
• The value of the rate constant (k) depends
on the particular reaction being studied
and the temperature at which the reaction
occurs
• The order (n) can be positive or negative,
an integer or a fraction
• The order (n) cannot be deduced from the
balanced equation
 2.3 Rate Laws
• Types of rate laws:
– A differential rate law expresses the rate
as a function of concentration

– An integrated rate law expresses the

concentration as a function of time
 2.3 Rate Laws
• Consider the hypothetical reaction:
A + B  products
The rate law for the reaction is:
rate = k[A]m[B]n
The values of m and n can be discovered by
looking for patterns in the rate data
(experimental data)
Order cannot be deduced from the balanced
equation
 2.3 Rate Laws
• Consider the following reaction:

H 2SeO3 + 6I + 4H → Se + 2I3 + 3H 2 O
+

From experiment, the rate law (determined

from initial rates) is
1 3 + 2
rate = k[H 2SeO3 ] [I ] [H ]
Rate law cannot be obtained from the
balanced equation !!!
 2.3 Rate Laws
A + B → C (product)
Suppose that the data in the table below has
been obtained in a series of five experiments:
 2.3 Rate Laws
A + B → C (product)
– For experiments 1, 2 and 3, [B] is held constant. Any
change in the rate must be due to the change in [A]
– The rate law says that at constant [B] the rate must
be proportional to [A]
m
rateexp 2 [A]exp 2 rateexp 2 0.40 mol L-1 s-1
= = =2
rateexp 1 [A]exp 1 rateexp 1 0.20 mol L-1 s-1

and m
[A]exp 2 0.20 mol L-1
= =2
[A]exp 1 0.10 mol L-1
 2.3 Rate Laws
A + B → C (product)

– So doubling [A] from experiment 1 to experiment

2 doubles the rate
– The relationship reduces to:
2.0m = 2.0
– The only value of n that makes this equation true
is m = 1
– The reaction must be first order with respect to A
 2.3 Rate laws
A + B → C (product)
– In the final three experiments, the concentration
of B changes while the concentration of A is
held constant
– This time, it is [B] that affects the rate
n
rateexp 4 [B]exp 4
=
rateexp 3 [B]exp 3

– For experiments 3 and 4, we have: 4.0 = 2.0n

– Therefore, n must equal 2
 2.3 Rate Laws
A + B → C (product)

– We now know that the rate law for the reaction

must be:
rate = k[A]1[B]2

– The overall order is the sum of the orders for

each reactant in the rate law = 3

– What is the value of k?

 2.4 Integrated Rate Laws
– Integrated rate laws express concentration
as a function of time
– Consider the hypothetical reaction:
A  products
– The (differential) rate law has the form:

d[A]
rate = – = k[A]
dt
44
 2.4 Integrated Rate Laws
First-order reactions
Assume A  products is first order
The differential rate law has the form:

rate = – d[A] = k[A]

dt
The integrated rate law would be:
[ A]0  kt
ln  kt or [ A]t  [ A]0 e
[ A]t
[A]0 is [A] at t (time) = 0, [A]t is [A] at t = t,
e = base of natural logarithms = 2.71828…
 2.4 Integrated Rate Laws
First-order reactions

A   k t dt
A t d
rate = –
d[A]
= k[A]
A  A
0
0
ln A t  ln A0   k t
dt

ln At   k t  ln A0

[A]0
ln = kt or [A]t = [A]0e-kt
[A]t
 2.4 Integrated Rate Laws
– For first order reactions, a plot of the natural
logarithm of concentration versus reaction time
always gives a straight line

47
 2.4 Integrated Rate Laws
Example
The specific rate constant for the first-order
decomposition of N2O5 in CCl4 at 45oC is 6.32 10-4 s-1
2N2O5 → 4NO2 + O2

a. What is the concentration of N2O5 remaining after

2.00 hr if the initial concentration of N2O5 was
0.500 M?
b. How much time required for 90% of N2O5 to
decompose? 48
 2.4 Integrated Rate Laws
Solution
a. need a relationship between time and concentration
ln [A]t = -kt + ln [A]o , ln [N2O5]t = -kt + ln [N2O5]o

ln [N2O5]t = -(6.32 10-4 s-1)(2.00 hr  3600 s/1 hr) +

ln (0.500)

ln [N2O5]t = -4.55 + (-0.693) = -5.24

[N2O5]t = exp (-5.24) = 5.3  10-3 M 49

 2.4 Integrated Rate Laws
Solution
b. assume the final concentration is 10% of the initial
concentration.
90% of N2O5 has decomposed, so only 10% remains

[N2O5] = (0.1)(0.500 M N2O5) = 0.0500 M N2O5

ln [0.0500] = -(6.32  10-4 s-1)t + ln [0.500]
-2.996 = -(6.93  10-4 s-1)t + (-0.693)
t = 3.64  103 s
The time it takes for 90% of N2O5 to disappear is
3604 s or 1.01 hrs 50
 2.4 Integrated Rate Laws
Second-order reactions
– Assume B  products is second order
– The differential rate law is:
d[B]
rate = = k[B]2
dt
– The integrated rate law would be:
1 1
= kt +
[B]t [B]0 51
2.4 Integrated Rate Laws
Second-order reactions

 B 
Rate    k B 
2

t
 B   A t d B  t
  k  t ,    k  dt
B2  A 0 B  2 0

1 1 1 1
  kt ,  kt 
Bt B0 Bt B0
 2.3 Integrated Rate Laws
– When a reaction is second order, a plot of 1/[B]t
versus t should yield a straight line with a slope k

53
 2.4 Integrated Rate laws
Zero-order rate laws
– The differential rate law is:
rate = k[C]o = k(1) = k

– The integrated rate law is:

[C]t = – kt + [C]o

– A plot of [C] versus time gives a straight

line of slope –k
54
2.4 Integrated Rate laws
Zero-order rate laws

55
 Half life
The amount of time required for half of a
reactant to disappear is called the half-life, t1/2
– The half-life of a first-order reaction is not
affected by the initial concentration

[ A ]0
First - order rate law : ln = kt
[ A ]t

1 [ A ]0 ln 2
at t = t1/ 2 , [ A ]t = [ A ]0 , ln 1 = kt 1/ 2 or t1/ 2 =
2 2 [ A ]0
k
56
 Half life

First-order radioactive decay of iodine-131. The initial

concentration is represented by [I]0. 57
 Half life
– The half-life of a second-order reactions
does depend on the initial concentration

1 1
Second - order integrated rate law : - = kt
[B]t [B]0
1
at t = t1/ 2 , [B]t = [B]0 ,
2
1 1 1 l
1 - = kt 1/ 2 , = kt 1/ 2 or t1/ 2 =
2 [B]0
[B]0 [B]0 k[B]0

58
SUMMARY

59
 Example

Carbon-14 (14C) is a radioactive isotope with a

half-life of 5.73 x 103 years. It decays following
the first order reaction. The amount of 14C
present in an object can be used to determined
its age. Calculate the rate constant for decay
of 14C and determine how long is required for
90% of the 14C in a sample to decompose.
 Solution
0.693 0.693
t1  , k
2 k t1
2
0.693
k  1.21  10  4 yr 1
5.73  103 yr

When 90% has decayed, 10% remains, or [ A ] t = 0.10[ A ] 0

 A 0 
ln  
 A 0   A t 
ln A 0  kt  ln A t , kt  ln   , t
 A t  k
 A 0 
ln  
 0.10 A 0  ln 10 
t 1
 1
 1. 90  10 4
yr
1.21  10 yr3
1.21  10 yr
3
 2.5 Theory of chemical kinetics
Activation energy, Ea
– The activation energy (Ea) is the minimum
energy required for a reaction to occur
– The activation energy determines the rate
of a reaction
– At a given temperature, only a certain
fraction of the collisions possess enough
energy to be effective and form products
2.4 Theory of chemical kinetics
2.4 Theory of chemical kinetics
– The arrangement found on the top of the
potential energy ‘hill’ is called the activated
complex or transition state
– Once the transition state is reached, the
reaction proceeds to give products, with
the release of energy
– A reaction intermediate corresponds to an
energy minimum between two transition
states
 Transition State Theory
The activated complex is unstable species and what
exists is neither reactant nor product but a transitional
species with partial bonds. Consider reaction between:
CH3Br + OH- → CH3OH + Br-
 2.4 Theory of chemical kinetics
Temperature effects
– The rate of a reaction increases with increasing
temperature
2.4 Theory of chemical kinetics
– The activation energy is related to the rate
constant by the Arrhenius equation

k= Ae-E a/RT

k = rate constant
Ea = activation energy
R = universal gas constant
T = temperature (in Kelvin)
A = pre-exponential or frequency factor
 2.4 Theory of chemical kinetics
– The activation energy can also be obtained
from two rate components measured at
different temperatures
– Most reactions obey the Arrhenius equation
to a good approximation

k2 –Ea 1 1
ln = –
k1 R T2 T1
Example
An alteration in the structure of a certain virus follows
first-order kinetics with Ea = 587 kJ/mol .The half-life
at 29.6oC is 1.62  104 s (1 yr = 3.154  107 s). What
are the rate constants at 29.6oC and the half-life at
32oC for the alteration of the virus ?

Solution
For a first order rxn: k1 = 0.693 / t1/2

Rate constant at 29.6oC = 0.693 / (1.62  104 s)

= 4.28  10-5 s-1
Solution (cont.)
Ea is given, so k2 can be calculated using the Arrhenius
equation. The t1/2 at 32.0oC can be obtained from k2.

k1 Ea  1 1 
ln    
k2 R  T1 T2 
 4.28  10 -5 s -1  (587 kJ/mol)(10 00 J/kJ)
ln  
 k  8.314 J/mol.K
 2 
 1 1 
  
 305.0 K 302.6 K 
k 2  2.68  10 -4
s -1
Solution (cont.)

o
thus the half - life at 32 C :

0.693 0.693
t1/2  
k2 2.68  10 s
4 -1

 2.58  10 s
3
 2.5 Reaction mechanisms
• Most reactions do not occur in a single step
• The net overall reaction is the result of a
series of simple reactions

• Each of these is called an elementary

process

• The entire set of elementary processes is

the reaction mechanism
 2.5 Reaction mechanisms
• The rate law of an elementary process can
be written from its chemical equation

• This rule only applies to elementary

processes

• The overall rate law derived from the

mechanism must agree with the
observed rate law for the overall
reaction
 Example
The following two reactions are proposed as elementary steps
in the mechanism for an overall reaction:

(1) NO2Cl (g) → NO2 (g) + Cl (g)

(2) NO2Cl(g) + Cl (g) → NO2(g) + Cl2(g)

Overall reaction: (1) + (2)

Overall rxn: 2NO2Cl(g) → 2NO2 (g) + Cl2

Reaction intermediate is a substance that is formed and used

up in the overall reaction, does not appear in the overall
reaction: Cl (g)
Rxn(1) : Unimolecular, Rate = k1[NO2Cl]
Rxn(2): Bimolecular, Rate = k2[NO2Cl][Cl]
 2.5 Reaction mechanisms
Rate-determining step

– Consider the gaseous reaction:

2NO2Cl → 2NO2 + Cl2

– The actual mechanism of the reaction is the

following two-step sequence of elementary
processes:
NO2Cl → NO2 + Cl• (slow)
NO2Cl + Cl• → NO2 + Cl2 (fast)

– The Cl radical formed (Cl•) is an intermediate

 2.5 Reaction mechanisms
• In any multi step mechanism, one step is
usually much slower than the others
• The slow step in a mechanism is called the
rate-determining step
• The rate law for the rate-determining
step is directly related to the rate law
for the overall reaction
 2.5 Reaction mechanisms
Rate laws for elementary steps
• The rate limiting step will dominate the
expression of rate laws.

Eg:
Step 1: NO (g) + Br2 (g)  NOBr2 (fast)
Step 2: NOBr2 (g) + NO (g)  2NOBr (g) (slow)

 Rate law, Rate = k[NOBr2] [NO]

 Example
NO catalyzes the decomposition of N2O possibly
through the following mechanism:
NO(g) + N2O(g)  N2(g) + NO2(g)
2NO2(g)  2NO(g) + O2(g)
What is the overall reaction?

(1)  2  2NO(g) + 2N2O(g)  2N2(g) + 2NO2(g)

(2)  2NO2(g)  2NO(g) + O2(g)
2N2O(g)  2N2(g) + O2(g)

NO = catalyst;
NO2=intermediate
 Question 1
Consider the reaction of ClO2 with OH in aqueous solution:
2ClO2(aq) + 2OH(aq)  ClO3(aq) + ClO2(aq) + H2O(l)
At a particular temperature, the rate of disappearance of OH varies with reactant
concentrations in the following manner:

Experiment [ClO2] (M) [OH] (M) Rate (M/s)

1 0.060 0.030 0.0248

2 0.020 0.030 0.0248

3 0.020 0.060 0.0992

a. Calculate the reaction order for each reactant and the rate constant for the reaction.
b. How many times (or by what factor) will rate of reaction increases/reduces if the
concentration of both reactants is doubled?

c. What is the rate of disappearance of OH when:

[ClO2] = 0.025 M and [OH] = 0.050 M?

d. If the initial concentration of OH is 2.5 x 103 M, how many seconds does it take
for 35 % of OH to react?
 Question 2
The following data were measured for the reduction of nitric oxide with
hydrogen at 400oC.
2NO(g) + 3H2(g)  N2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Experiment [NO]o [H2]o Initial rate of reaction
(mol•L-1) (mol•L-1) (mol•L-1•s-1)

1 0.10 0.10 1.23 X 10-3

2 0.10 0.20 2.46 x 10-3
3 0.20 0.10 4.92 x 10-3

a. Calculate the order of reaction with respect to each reactants and also its
rate constant (reporting in the correct unit).
b. What is the effect to the rate of reaction if the concentration of both
reactants were doubled? Justify your answer.
c. If the reaction has an activation energy of 111 kJ mol-1, calculate its rate
constant at 430◦C.
 Question 3
Iodine and propanone react in acid solution according to the following
equation: H+
I2(aq) + CH3COCH3(aq) CH3COCH2I(aq) + HI (aq)
The experimentally determined rate law for this reaction indicates that th
reaction is first-order in CH3COCH3 and first-order in H+. The reaction i
second-order overall. At 50°C, the reaction rate is 2.00×10-5 M/s when th
concentration of CH3COCH3, I2 and H+ is 1.50 M, 2.0x10-2 M an
3.0x10-2 M, respectively.
a. Calculate the rate constant at 50°C.
b. Calculate the rate of formation of CH3COCH2I when:
[I2]= [ CH3COCH3]= [H+]= 2.00 M.
c. When the temperature is increased to 100°C, the reaction rate increases
1.5 times. What is the activation energy of the reaction?
d. What is the role of H+ in this reaction?
 Question 4
Urea (NH2CONH2) is the end product in protein metabolism in animals. The
decomposition of urea in 0.1 M HCl occurs according to the equation:

NH2CONH2(aq) + H+(aq)+ 2H2O(l)2NH4+(aq) + HCO3(aq)

The reaction is first order with respect to urea and the reaction is first order
overall. The rate of reaction is 8.56 x 10-5 Ms1at 61oC with initial urea
concentration of 0.200 M.
a. Calculate the rate constant, k.
b. What is the concentration of urea in the solution after
4.00 x 103 s if the initial concentration is 0.500 M?
c. When the temperature is increased to70°C, the reaction rate increases by
1.65 times. What is the activation energy of the reaction?
 Question 5
The rate constant, k of the following reaction,
2NO(g) + NO2(g) + O2(g)  N2O5(g)
was measured at several temperatures and the data obtained are presented in
Table Q5 below.
TABLE Q5. Rate data
Temperature (oC) Rate constant, k (s1)
189.7 2.52 x 105
198.9 5.25 x 105
230.3 6.30 x 104
251.2 3.16 x 103

a. Calculate the activation energy (in kJ mol1) for the reaction by plotting a graph
based on Arrhenius equation.
b. How many times faster will the reaction occur at 100 oC than at 70oC?
The End