The human system

2.2 The human nervous system

1. The nervous system is divided into two parts,
Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system

2. The central nervous system is made up of brain

and spinal cord

3. The peripheral nervous system is made up of

cranial nerves spinal nerves
and
1. The basic unit in the nervous system
is the neurone.
2. Neurone is a nerve cell神经细胞.
The functions for every parts of the
neurone
Part of a neurone Function
Cell body Controls all the activities of neurones

Dendrite Receives impulses and transmits them to

the dendron
Dendron Receive and transmits impulse to the cell
body
Axon Transmits impulse out of the cell body

Myelin sheath - Prevent leakage泄漏 of impulse

- To increase the speed速度 of impulse
 Types of Neurones

• Neurones can be divided into

three basic types, sensory
neurone, motor neurone and
relay neurone.
 Motor Relay Sensory
neurone neurone neurone
-Transmits impulses from
receptors to the central nervous
system.
-Transmitsimpulses from central
nervous system to effectors.
-Transmits
impulses from sensory
neurone to the motor neurone.
 2.3 Nervous coordination
1. Nervous coordination神经协调 is
the process of the body receive
stimulus, sending impulse to the
central nervous system (brain &
spinal cord) and responding to the
stimulus.
2. Stimulus (light, temperature, sound,
touch) are detected by receptor.
3. Receptors are sensory organs such as eyes,
ears, skin, nose and tongue.
4. The reaction to a stimulus is called response.
5. Response are carried out by effectors-
muscles and glands.
6. Muscles will cause the movement of body.
7. Glands will produce secretion, for example
when we are hungry and see delicious food,
our mouth may water.
 Reflex Action反射动作 and
Reflex Arc
1. Reflex action is an automatic response to a
stimulus without the control of the brain.
2. Reflex actions are controlled by the spinal
cord and can protect us in critical situations.

Receptor Spinal cord Effector

3. Example of reflex actions 反射动作
- Withdraw收回 the hand quickly when
touching hot object
- Jumping in pain when stepping踏 on sharp
nail
- Blinking of eyes 眨眼
- Sneezing 打喷嚏
- Knee-jerk
4. Reflex arc is the pathway for reflex action.
5. Reflex arc for withdrawal of hand when
touching hot object is as below:
Impulse in sensory neurone
Stimulus Receptor

(synapse)
Spinal cord
(relay neurone)

Response Effector (synapse)

Impulse in motor neurone
# Synapse is the gap 间隙of the transmission 传递 of impulse
and in one way direction.
6. Reflex arc in human knee-jerk:

Impulse in sensory neurone

Stimulus Receptor
(synapse)
Spinal cord

Response Effector (synapse)

Impulse in motor neurone

* No relay neurone take part in knee-jerk.