Reference : M L Mathur and R P Sharma

OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Pollutants from Gasoline Engines
3. Effect of Mode of Operation on Engine Operations
4. Effect of Engine maintenance on Exhaust Emissions
5. Gasoline Engine Emission Control
6. Diesel Emissions
7. Diesel Smoke and Control
8. Diesel Odor and Control
9. Comparison of Diesel and gasoline Emissions
10. Emissions from alternative power plants
11. Air pollution from gas turbine
INTRODUCTION
 In the development of transport the IC engines, both petrol and
diesel engines, occupy a very important positions.
 In recent times the IC engine have come under heavy attack due to
its pollution i.e., air pollution.
 In India faces same severe problem of pollution in metropolitan
cities like Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Kanpur, etc….
 Air pollution can be defined as addition to our atmosphere of any
material which will have a deleterious effect on life upon planet.
 The main pollutants contributes by automobile are Carbon
monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC), oxides of Nitrogen
(NOx) and lead and other particulate emissions.
 Advanced countries like USA the air pollutants by automobiles are
about 50 percent of total air pollutant.
 It is true that the pollutants from one car do not amount too much,
say half a kg pollutants for a single day driving.
 But we consider the very large number of cars , and this number
raising very rapidly. The amount of pollutants become millions of
tonnes.
 The estimated total pollutants emitted in USA in 1969 were 110
million tonnes of CO, 20 million tonnes of HC and 10 million tonnes
of NOx
 Thus it is imperative that serious attempts should be made to
conserve earths environment from degradation.
 Over last two decades much work has been done to control
emission from internal combustion engines.
POLLUTANTS FROM GASOLINE
ENGINES :
Four possible sources of atmospheric pollution from a petrol engine powered
vehicle
1. Fuel tank
2. Carburetor
3. The crankcase
4. Exhaust pipe
The contribution of pollutants, by sources
a. Evaporative losses (both tank and carburetors) 15 to 25% of HC
b. Crankcase blowby 20 to 35% of HC
c. Tail pipe exhaust 50 to 60% of HC and almost all CO and NOx
Evaporative losses:
Two main sources for evaporative losses are
1. Fuel tank losses
2. Carburetor losses
Crankcase Blowby
It is the phenomenon of escape of combustion gas from cylinder to
crankcase through piston and piston rings.
Its about 20% of total HC emission .
Due Quenching effect leakage will be there.
Exhaust emissions
It is the major source of emission.
If complete combustion occurs then only carbon dioxide and water vapor are
the exhaust product.
Due to several reasons complete combustion didn’t occur so deadly gases
will come out as emission.
In addition to HC and CO emission, the third ain pollutant oxides of nitrogen
will be there.
Nitrogen is inert gas but temperature greater than 1100 °C it reacts with
oxygen and forms oxides of nitrogen.
The different oxides of nitrogen are referred by chemical symbol NOx with x
standing for varying amount of oxygen.
In addition to these pollutants large number of organic compounds namely
ketones, aldehydes, etc. where chemically active and form smog in presence
of sunlight.
The two main reason for incomplete combustion of fuel are cool metal
surface of combustion chamber and imperfect mixture ratio.
Carbon Monoxide Emisions
It occur only in engine exhaust.
It is the product of incomplete combustion due to insufficient air in air fuel
mixture or insufficient time in the cycle.
The percentage of CO increases in idle range and decreases with speed.
Complete elimination CO is not possible some amount it will be there
CO emission is high during idling and reach a minimum in deceleration.
They are lowest during acceleration and steady speeds.
Oxides of nitrogen
It also occurs in engine exhaust only and ar combination of nitric oxide (NO) and
nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
Nitrogen and oxygen react at relatively high temperatures.
Therefore high temperatures and availability of oxygen are the two main reasons
for the formation of NOx
when the proper amount of oxygen is available at the peak combustion
temperature the more is the NO formed.
The combination of the HC and NOx in the presence of sunlight and certain
atmospheric conditions produce photochemical smog.
Gasoline engine emission control
1. Engine design modification
2. Treatment of exhaust gases
3. Fuel modification

Engine modification
Engine design characteristics for low emissions
Reduction of
S/V ratio by
Combustion
Chamber redesign
Exhaust emission level of various modified and unmodified engines.
Exhaust gas oxidation
After burner : it convert unburnt HC to complete burn.
Exhaust manifold reactor
Catalytic Convertor
Exhaust emission control by fuel variation
Blow by Control
Evaporative control device
EGR – Control of NOx
Water Injection
Diesel Emissions