Unity and Diversity of

Culture
 Universal patterns of culture
Unity in e.g. speech, material traits, art, scientific
knowledge, religious practice , family and
Culture social systems, property, government,
and war.
 1. Man’s biological drives
Culture 2. Man’s psychic unity
universals are
3. Man’s dependence upon group life
accounted for
by: 4. Physical and social environment
Man’s Need for food, water and air, and sex
Biological Need for love and security
Drives
 Cognitive structure – made up the
concepts and beliefs by which man
defines the world around him
 “Consensus, or the sharing of belief or
opinion, is man’s chief means of defining
Man’s Psychic reality.”
Unity Habit structure – these are habits which
are acquired through learning, are
regularly patterned ways of acting,
feeling, or thinking.
 e.g. eating, personal hygiene, dressing,
greeting, etc.
  Perception - the process through which the
individual translates his observations from
his senses into internalized, meaningful
experiences
 Patterned thought processes –
Habit interpersonal communication and self-
communication
Structure  Emotional response patterns – acquired
through a long learning process, from one’s
society’s habitual modes of expressing
emotional responses like love, hate, joy,
sadness, surprise, reverence, disgust,a dn so
forth.
 Trait configurations – any characteristic
that can be observed or measured;
repetitive way of acting to a particular
event
 e.g. Extroverted, inner-directed,
Man’s Psychic masochist, achievement-oriented
Unity Acquired predisposition – refers to
repetitive manner in which an individual
appears inclined to favour or disfavour a
person or group, an object, or a situation
or event that arises periodically in his or
her environment.
 Preferences – individual’s tendencies to
accept or reject a wide variety of objects
Attitudes – comprised of a number of
relatively enduring tendencies to accept
Acquired or reject an object, concept, or entity.
Predisposition Values – set of broad abstract definition
of the goals that the individual or groups
identify to be desirable, important and
worthy of attainment and of the means
by which these goals are to be attained.
Man’s
Dependence
Social and cultural processes
upon Group
Life
Physical and Geographical conditions
Social
Means of communication
Environment
 Culture Variability
 Kind of environment
 Human and natural resources available
Diversity in within the environment
Culture  Extent and intensity of exposure the
society has to other people from which
they can borrow ideas, and
 Cultural heritage
 Cultural integration – cultures vary
significantly in the degrees to which they
are internally consistent in their patterns
of value, belief, and behaviour.
Diversity in
Culture Cultural relativity – relativity of the
standards that societies use for
evaluating truth, right, propriety, virtue,
morality, legality, beauty and the means
of adhering to these.
Philippine Values
 Values are the expressions of the
ultimate ends, goals or purpose of social
action (Inkeles, 1964).
What are
In contrast to social norms, values are
values? general in nature
Values act as means of social control and
social pressure
 Cosmopolitan in nature
The Forces He is both Oriental and Occidental
that Shape  Kinship
Contemporary  Roman Catholicism
Philippine  Fiesta
Values  Education
 Non-rationalism – involves an uncritical
acceptance, reverence and protection of
tradition or rituals
Non- Rationalism - involves a belief that by
rationalism - systematic planning, studying and
Rationalism training, man can actively control and
manipulate his destiny and that he is
greatly responsible for his own success
and failure.
The Filipino has been influenced by
western rationalism although he is still
fundamentally non-rational.
 “bahala na”
 “utang na loob”
 “hiya”
 Smooth interpersonal relations
 pakikisama
 Personalism attaches major importance
to the persona factor which guarantees
intimacy, warmth and security of kinship
Personalism- and friendship in getting things done.
Impersonalism
Impersonalism refers to the tendency to
eliminate the influence of friendship or
kinship in working situations.
Much of the Filipino is still personalistic
inn spite of the rise of impersonalism in
urban areas of the country (Cuyugan,
1961).
 Particularism – man’s concern is centered
on sub-groups comprising his relatives,
friends, colleagues, associates, religious
affiliates or members of his ethnic or
Particularism - regional group in the larger society to
Universalism which he belongs
Universalism – man’s main concern is the
advancement of the collective or
national good
In the Philippines, ethical rules stress
particularistic interests while legal rules,
are universalistic
 Nationalism is the advocacy of making
one’s own nation distinct and separate
from others in intellectual, social,
cultural, economic, political and moral
Filipino
matters.
Nationalism  A feeling of oneness among the
nationals and seeks to establish the
identity and the good of one’s nation
The Philippines suffers from “national
amnesia” and “colonial mentality”
Personality and Social
Roles
 Personality is the organization of
biological, psychological, social, cultural,
and situational factors which underlie a
person’s behaviour
The Meaning
of Personality Contemporary sociologists share the
view that personality is a product of
social conditioning.
 Biological Inheritance
 Biological needs, intelligence, physical
appearance
Geographic Environment
Determinants
 Noon naps and carefree attitude in the
of Personality tropics
Formation  Industry and frugality in temperate
zones
 Least important factor
 Cultural Environment
 Regulates the type of behaviour which is
considered appropriate to the individual
of a particular age, sex, and status
Determinants Social Environment
of Personality  Various groups and social interactions
going on in the groups of which one is a
Formation member
 The kind of social relations and
interactions the individual experiences
influence the personality formation
 Socialization is the process by which the
individual learns to conform to the
The Process of norms of his social group, acquires a
Socialization status and plays a corresponding role.
  Socialization is possible only when there is
social interaction between individuals and
others through the medium of language
 Language is a system of signs and symbols
Acquisition of with meaning bestowed upon them by the
Language members of the group.
 The symbols give identity to social objects.
 Through language, the child is prepared for,
and inducted into, the roles he/she has to
play
  Primary groups e.g. family
 Reward and punishment
 An individual continues to acquire norms,
values, and attitudes required in the groups
he/she is into:
Agencies of  Play group
Socialization  The neighbourhood group
 The school group
 Church group
 Recreational group
 Work group
 Political group
 Particular positions in the structural
system of a group referred to as status
 The position is in reference to the other
Socialization members
as a Role  As an occupant of a status, an individual
Training performs certain roles
Role is the functional and dynamic aspect
of status
 Ascribe statuses are those which are
assigned to the individual from birth
Ascribed and Achieved status is acquired by choice or
Achieved through competition and individual effort
Status and is made possible through special
abilities or talents , performance or
opportunity.
 An individual encounters conflicting
demands from his two or more roles
 Simple homogeneous folk society vs
dynamic, changing society/secular
Role Conflict society
 Behavior expectations of the roles an
individual plays and the goals he/she has
to pursue
 The human infant is at first egocentric
As individuals grow up, he/she develops
The his ability to look at himself/herself from
Development the standpoint of others. He/she
of the Self internalizes the supposed opinions and
attitudes of others which eventually
regulate his behavior
 The child acquires the ability to visualize
himself through the eyes of others, to
imagine how he appears to others in
The Looking what Charles H. Cooley calls the “looing
Glass Self glass self” or the social self
Presence of significant others
The generalized others
 Imagination of how we appear to the
The Elements other person
of the Looking Imagination of his/her judgment of that
Glass Self appearance
Self-feeling such as pride or mortification
“It is through the responses of others that
one decides whether he/she is intelligent
or stupid, attractive or homely, lovable or
unlovable, righteous or sinful, worthy or
worthless.”
 Instances of variations, disregard for,
defiance of, nonconformity to or
Deviant flaunting of the social norms or
Behavior establishment standards of the group
Deviant behaviour may be tolerated,
approved, or disapproved.