MW Communication

MW Communication system in UMTS Networks

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Course Contents

Microwave, MW Frequencies Band, Propagation Used, LOS

Principle, Fundamental of LOS survey, Why we used MW
communication system in UMTS Network, PDH and SDH MW

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MW Theory

Microwave is a kind of electromagnetic wave. The microwave

frequency range is from 300MHz to 300GHz.
For Microwave Communication ,frequency is generally consider
from 3GHz to 30GHz.
The electric field and magnetic field are perpendicular to each
other.
“Micro” in microwave doesn't indicate that the wavelength of this
frequency range is in “Micro” range

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Frequency band

As par standard , total frequency band is divided into few band,

their range is mention below:-
Frequency Band Frequency Range Wavelength Range
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) <3 KHz >100 Km
Very Low Frequency (VHF) 3 – 30 KHz 10 – 100 Km
Low Frequency (LF) 30 – 300 KHz 1 – 10 Km
Medium Frequency (MF) 300 KHz- 3 MHz 100 m – 1 Km
High Frequency (HF) 3 – 30 MHz 10 – 100 m
Very High Frequency (VHF) 30 – 300 MHz 1 – 10 m
Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 300 MHz – 3 GHz 10 cm – 1 m
Supper High Frequency (SHF) 3 – 30 GHz 1 – 10 cm
Extremely High Frequency (EHF) 30 – 300 GHz 1 mm – 1 cm

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MW Frequency band

As par standard, MW Frequency band is divided into few band,

their range is mention below:-
Frequency Frequency Range Application
Band
L 1 – 2 GHz Satellite, GPS, Cellular phone

S 2 – 4 GHz Satellite, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth

C 4 – 8 GHz Satellite, Microwave relay

X 8 – 12 GHz Radar

Ku 12 – 18 GHz Satellite TV, Police radar

K 18 – 26.5 GHz Microwave Communication

Ka 26.5 – 40 GHz Microwave Communication

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MW Frequency band

As par standard, MW Frequency band is divided into few band,

their range is mention below:-
Frequency Frequency Range Application
Band
Q 30 – 50 GHz Microwave communication

U 40 – 60 GHz Experimental, Radar

V 50 – 75 GHz WLAN

E 60 – 90 GHz Microwave communication

W 75 – 110 GHz Automotive Radar

F 90 – 140 GHz Experimental, Radar

D 110 – 170 GHz Experimental, Radar

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MW Transmission

“Microwave transmission” is a technology in which data

(Information) is transmitted with the help of radio wave.

Microwave is widely used in point to point communication

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MW Propagation

For Microwave propagation ,a clear “Line Of Sight”-LOS is

required

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Criteria For LOS

Fresnel Zone: The Fresnel actually consists of several different

zones, each one forming an ellipsoid around the major axis of the
direct propagation path

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Use of Microwave

Microwave can be used for different purpose ,few are listed

below:-

 Communication between satellite and base station.

 Point to point communication for mobile network.
 Short range indoor communication.
 Television distribution.
 Long distance communication.

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Microwave Communication in Telecom

In Telecommunication generally 4 types of frequency band are

used:

 7 GHz
 15 GHZ
 18 GHz
 23 GHz

Frequency band is depend upon distance and geographical

condition.

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Frequency band – 7GHz

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Frequency band – 15GHz

15 GHz frequency band used for medium distance communication.

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Frequency band – 18GHz

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Frequency band – 23GHz

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MW Propagation characteristics

MW Propagation is very much depend upon geographical and

climate condition.

 Higher frequency; Longer distance; worse loss

 Day better than Night; Winter better than Summer
 Cloudy, Windy more stable than Sunny day
 Over water is worsted than over land
 Over Hill/Mountain is better than over plain

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MW Propagation

Advantage: Microwave Communication has several advantages

 No cables needed
 Multiple channels available
 Wide bandwidth
 Any kind of data can be transmitted

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MW Propagation

Disadvantage: Microwave Communication has several advantages

 Line of Site will be disrupted if any obstacle.

 Signal absorption by the atmosphere, MW suffer from attenuation
due to atmospheric condition.
 Towers are expensive to build.
 Communication capacity is limited.

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MW Propagation constrains

A wave propagated through medium face losses due to below

mention phenomenon.

 Attenuation
 Reflection
 Scattering
 Diffraction

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MW Propagation

To achieve gain in MW Propagation few technique are used ,they

are mention below:-

 Space Diversity
 Frequency Diversity
 Polarization Diversity
 Angle Diversity

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Space Diversity

Space Diversity protects against multi-path fading by automatic switch

over to another antenna place below the primary antenna. This is done
at the BER failure point or signal strength attenuation point to the
secondary antenna that is receiving the transmitted signal at a stronger
power rating.
Normal Signal

Transmitter Receiver

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Frequency Diversity

Frequency Diversity uses separate frequencies (dual transmit and

receive systems); it monitors primary for fail over and switches to
standby. Interference usually affects only one range of frequencies. Not
allowed in non-carrier applications because of spectrum scarcity.
RCVR
Active XTMR Frequency #1
Frequency #1

RCVR
Protect XTMR Frequency #2
Frequency #2

Transmitter Receiver

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Frequency diversity
Frequency diversity provides protection against both equipment faults and
multipath fading. In frequency diversity, two transmitters are transmitting the
same signal simultaneously at different frequencies.

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Polarisation diversity provides also protection against both equipment faults and
multipath fading. Polarisation diversity is otherwise identical to frequency
diversity, but instead of two frequencies, the signal is transmitted on two
polarisations simultaneously.
1IU/2OU FD or PD
Frequency diversity or polarisation diversity setup with one indoor unit is shown
in Figure 15. Active units are shown in grey and passive units in white.
Figure 15. Nokia FlexiHopper with FIU 19 (E) or RRIC, 1IU/2OU FD or PD (only
one direction shown)
On the receiver side, both signals are received and the indoor unit selects the
better signal to be switched to the 2M interfaces. Selection is done with hardware
controlled hitless switch (IU RXCO), located in ASIC in the indoor unit

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Polarization Diversity

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Angle Diversity

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MW Transmission in Telecommunication

In Telecommunication ,MW Transmission system is implemented

with basically two technologies:

 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy - PDH

 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy - SDH

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Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

The PDH is a technology used in telecommunications networks to

transport large quantities of data over digital transport equipment
such as fiber optics and microwave systems.

The term Plesiochronous is derived from Greek, plesio, meaning

near, and chronos, time, and refers to the fact that PDH networks
run in a state where different parts of the network are almost, but
not quite perfectly, synchronized.

Basic data rate – 2.048Mbps

Maximum data rate – 140Mbps

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PDH Multiplexing

In PDH technology, multiplexing took several steps.

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Standard E-Carrier Signals

In PDH technology, we follow European standards. In European

standard basic data tare is 2.048Mbps=E1

Basic data rate – E1

Multiplexing level 2 – E2
Multiplexing level 3 – E3
Multiplexing level 4 – E4
E-Carrier Data Rate MUX’ed Equivalent

E1 2.048Mbps 1*E1

E2 8.448Mbps 4*E1

E3 34.378Mbps 16*E1

E4 139.264Mbps 4*E3

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Limitation of PDH

PDH system have following limitations:-

 Its not a world wide global technique.

 There is no any definition of data rate more than 140 Mbps
 PDH is not fully synchronize technology.
 Optical fiber capacity is under utilized.
 At every multiplexing level justification bits are added.
 Interoperability is not possible.
 Less powerful management.

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Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy signals the beginning of a new

phase in evolution of the world’s telecommunication network. SDH
will bring a revolution in telecommunication services, which will
have far-reaching effects for end users, service providers and
equipment manufacturers alike. With introduction of SDH, the
transmission network will enter a new era, which can be compared
in scale to that occurred following the introduction of PCM and
Optical fiber.

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Advantages of SDH

The advantages of the SDH system are listed below:

 First world standard in digital format.

 First optical Interfaces.
Transversal compatibility reduces networking cost. Multivendor
environment drives price down
 Flexible synchronous multiplexing structure.
 Easy and cost-efficient traffic add-and-drop and cross connect
capability.

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Advantages of SDH

The advantages of the SDH system are listed below:

 Reduced number of back-to-back interfaces improves network

reliability and serviceability.
 Powerful management capability.
 New network architecture. Highly flexible and survivable self
healing rings available.
 Backward and forward compatibility: Backward compatibility to
existing PDH
 Forward compatibility to future B-ISDN, etc.

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SDH Frame Structure

POH: Path Overhead (POH) is control information, which helps the

service provider to achieve end to end path monitoring.

RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead

MSOH: Multiplex Section Overhead

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SDH Frame Structure

 Number of rows in a frame: 9

 Number of columns in a frame: 9 + 261 = 270
 Number of bytes/frame: 9 x 270
 Number of bits /frame: 9 x 270 x 8
 Number of bits per second: 9 x 270 x 8 x 8000 = 15552000 or 155.52
Mbps

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SDH Frame Structure

Payload Container: 9 (Rows) * 260 (Columns) * 64Kbps = 149.76

Mbps
POH: 9 (Rows) * 1 (Column) * 64 Kbps = 0.576 Mbps
RSOH: 3 (Rows) * 9 (Columns) * 64 Kbps = 1.728 Mbps
MSOH: 5 (Rows) * 9 (Columns) * 64 Kbps = 2.880 Mbps

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Container

• AS THE NAME SUGGESTS IT IS A BOX OF FIXED SIZE WITH

VERY LITTLE ELASTICITY

• THIS BOX CAN TAKE VARIETY OF PDH INPUTS( MAX=2).

• CONTAINER IS THE FIRST ITEM IN THE CHAIN OF SDH

MAPPING/MULTIPLEXING

C1=2Mbps,C2=8Mbps,C3=34Mbps,C4=140Mbps

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VIRTUAL CONTAINER

• IT IS THE SECOND ITEM IN THE CHAIN OF MULTIPLEXING

• CONTAINER ADDED WITH SOME PATH OVERHEAD IS CALLED

VIRTUAL CONTAINER

• CONTAINER AND VIRTUAL CONTAINER ARE CALLED PATH

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PATH LEVEL

• IF WE ARE STARTING THE MUX CHAIN FROM 2MB OR 1.5MB

LEVEL THEN WE ARE FOLLOWING THE LOWER ORDER PATH.

• IF WE ARE STARTING THE MUX CHAIN FROM 34 OR 140 MB

LEVEL THEN WE ARE AT THE HIGHER ORDER PATH.

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TRIBUTARY UNIT

• TRIBUTARY UNIT IS AN AGENT THAT PROVIDES ADAPTATION

OR HANDSHAKE BETWEEN HIGHER ORDER PATH AND LOWER

ORDER PATH

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POINTER

• AS THE NAME INFERS, POINTER POINTS TO THE START OF THE

FRAME WHEN COMPARED TO OMNIPRESENT SYCHRONOUS
CLOCK

• VALUE OF THE POINTER INDICATES THE ACTUAL OFFSET

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MAPPING OF PDH 140 Mbps

140MB/S
C4

POH

+ C4 = VC4

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 MAPPING OF PDH 140 Mbps

POINTER
+ VC4 VC4 AU-4

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MAPPING OF PDH 140 Mbps

VC4 AU-4

FIXED PAYLOAD

VC4 AUG

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MAPPING OF PDH 140 Mbps

RSOH

+ VC4 AUG
MSOH

RSOH

= VC4 STM-I
MSOH

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MAPPING OF PDH 34 Mbps

C3

34MB/S

C3 POH VC3
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MAPPING OF PDH 34 Mbps

VC3 TU3

+ =

POINTER

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MAPPING OF PDH 34 Mbps

TU3 TUG3

AFTER ALIGNMENT =

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MAPPING OF PDH 34 Mbps

TUG3 TUG3 TUG3

VC-4
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 MAPPING OF PDH 34 Mbps

POINTER
+ VC4 VC4 AU-4

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MAPPING OF PDH 34 Mbps

VC4 AU-4

FIXED PAYLOAD

VC4 AUG

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MAPPING OF PDH 34 Mbps

RSOH

+ VC4 AUG
MSOH

RSOH

= VC4
MSOH

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MAPPING OF PDH 2 Mbps

VC12
C1

2MB

PATH OVER HEAD

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MAPPING OF PDH 2 Mbps

POINTER VC12 TU12

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MAPPING OF PDH 2 Mbps

TU12 TU12 TU12

TUG 2
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MAPPING OF PDH 2 Mbps

C12

POH VC12

POINTER TU12

TU12

TU12 TU12 TU12

TUG2 57
MAPPING OF PDH 2 Mbps

1 2 3 7

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

TUG3
N N
P P
I I

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MAPPING OF PDH 2 Mbps

TUG3 TUG3 TUG3

VC-4
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 MAPPING OF PDH 2 Mbps

POINTER
+ VC4 VC4 AU-4

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MAPPING OF PDH 2 Mbps

VC4 AU-4

FIXED PAYLOAD

VC4 AUG

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MAPPING OF PDH 2 Mbps

RSOH

+ VC4 AUG
MSOH

RSOH

= VC4 STM-I
MSOH

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MAPPING OF PDH 2 Mbps

TUG3 TUG3 TUG3

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MAPPING OF PDH 2 Mbps

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

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MAPPING OF PDH 2 Mbps

TU12 TU12 TU12 TU12 TU12 TU12 TU12 TU12 TU12

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

TUG2 TUG2 TUG2

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SDH Frame Structure

As we know SDH can carry PDH data. To carry PDH data SDH
frame uses container (C) .

C+POH=VC
TU pointer +VC=TU; C=(1,2,3).
AU pointer +VC=AU; C=(4).

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SDH Data Rate

Hierarchy levels are defined in SDH:

STM-1 : 155.52 Mbps

STM-4 : 622.08 Mbps
STM-16 : 2488.32 Mbps
STM-64 : 9953.28 Mbps

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SDH Network Synchronization

Synchronization is a big issue for both transmission and switching

networks. SDH synchronization must be viewed in the context of
the whole network synchronization

SHD synchronization methods

 Master-slave synchronization

 Mutual synchronization

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Synchronization Modes

Different Modes of Synchronization

 Locked Mode
 Hold Over Mode
 Free Running Mode

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MW Communication

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 Si Amplitud Attenuati
Level Standard Rate Frame/s Code
ze e on

25
G.704/73 2.048 Mbit/s ± 6 2.37-
E1 8,000 HDB3 6 dB
2 50 ppm bi 3.00 V
ts

84
8.448 Mbit/s ± 8
E2 G.742 9,962.2 HDB3 2.37 V 6 dB
30 ppm bi
ts

15
34.368 Mbit/s ± 36
E3 G.751 22,375.0 HDB3 1.00 V 12 dB
20 ppm bi
ts

139.264 Mbit/s ±
E4 G.751
15 ppm

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