INTRODUCTION TO

HOUSING AND HOUSING

ISSUES – INDIAN
CONTEXT
Unit 1
INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING AND HOUSING ISSUES – INDIAN CONTEXT

•Housing and its importance in Architecture and its relationship with neighbourhood and
city planning.

•Housing demand and supply – National Housing Policy – Housing agencies and their
role in housing development – impact of traditional life style – Rural Housing, Public,
private sector housing.
Housing refers to houses or buildings collectively;
accommodation of people; planning or provision of
accommodation by an authority.

Many governments have one or more housing authorities,

sometimes also called a housing ministry, or housing department.

Housing is a basic common need that is not a merely an amenity

but an essential necessity. To provide housing is accepted as a
responsibility of a government.

Housing constitutes a very important part of the social

environment where an individual is nurtured, he grows and
matures as a citizen. It plays a very significant role in the
national economy, maintaining social health, stability and
ensuring them for a decent life.
Housing resources
1. Land
2. Finance
3. Labor
4. Technology
5. Materials

( What are the possibilities of optimizing these resources ?)

Importance of Architecture in housing
 Or Quantity

Pursuing the longevity, well-being, and Houses more people but substandard
future health of the individuals and society. life, cheap construction, isolated spaces.

A well-designed space can make the

Promote crime activity , vast empty
inhabitant enjoy where they live, take pride in
spaces like no mans land , no outlet to
their surrounding, build a sense of
improve their living situations.
community, and inspire them to strive for
more.
Role of good architecture in social housing has the capacity to greatly improve,
or decline, the quality of life for citizens, and reflects on society as a whole.
Housing in relation to neighborhood and city plan
•City planning concern with what the public authorities do like street
network transportation system , recreational system etc.

•The size of the house ,height of the house is determined by the city planning
authorities.

•The chief aspects of the city planning is to provide open space for play
ground and open recreational activity that satisfies the neighborhood
concept.

•The other aspect is the transportation facility. The internal road , arterial
road , width of street its connectivity all comes under city plan.

•The physical service like plumbing , electrical are deigned under city
planning standards.

•The limitation per acre and it is maximum reachable height is streamlined.

Housing Challenges
•Urbanization and Development NSSO (
National sample survey organization -
Urban Poor – 4.4Million poor ( btw 1993 to
2004 ). States such as Goa,Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Punjab and Tamil Nadu have
attained over 35% urbanization
(Census:2001) and are continuing to
register growth rates higher than the
annual national average; States like
Himachal Pradesh , Bihar , Orissa , and
Uttar Pradesh have displayed low rates of
urbanization.
•Rural To Urban Shift of Labor At the onset of the 21st century (2001), 32% of
the total workforce resided in urban areas.

•Balanced Regional Development The way to bring about such a symbiotic

development between rural and urban areas is by adopting “a Regional Planning
approach.”

•New Integrated Townships and Green Field Development

•Role of Housing

•Housing Needs The Technical Group estimated the housing shortage at the
end of the 10th Plan to be around 24.7 million for 67.4 million households.

•Magnitude of Poverty -Non-affordability of housing by economically weaker

sections of society and low income families in urban areas is directly linked
with the magnitude of urban poverty.

•In the third world countries, substandard dwellings and unhealthy

environments is the main problem.
What is a Need and Demand Study?
The typical housing need and demand study has three key components:

(a) Current Need Analysis;

(b) Newly Arising Need (Demand) Analysis; and

(c) Supply Analysis.

The current need analysis seeks to identify households in the community that currently lack their own housing or
live in inadequate housing for a variety of reasons, and cannot afford the housing they need in the local housing
market without some assistance. In simple terms, the current need analysis seeks to answer the question of who in
the community needs affordable housing immediately.

The newly arising need (demand) analysis is a forward-looking view of the need question. Specifically, it relies on
the projected or potential short to medium term household composition of the community to estimate the future
need for affordable housing in the community. Together, the current and newly arising need analyses allow the
proponent to put forward a project that is better able to accommodate the present and future affordable housing
needs of the community.
 Location

Quality Affordability
Adequate
Housing

Secure of Physical
Tenure Quality
Housing Agencies and their Role
 State
Public Agencies

Formal Non-Profit
Informal Profit
Non-Profit
Voluntary

Community Market
Family Households Private Firms
Individual
 Private Co-
Rental operative
Housing Housing
Social
Rental
Housing
Home
Ownership
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation.
 NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY

The National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy 2007 (NUHHP-2007) has been formulated keeping in view
the changing socio-economic parameters of the urban areas and growing requirement of shelter and
related infrastructure.

THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY 2007

To ensure sustainable development of all urban human settlements, duly serviced by basic civic
amenities for ensuring better quality of life for all urban citizens.

CORE FOCUS AREA OF NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY 2007

“Affordable Housing For All” with special emphasis on vulnerable sections of society such as Scheduled
Castes/Scheduled Tribes, Backward Classes, Minorities and the urban poor.
The National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy intends to achieve the following

1.Urban Planning

i) Encouraging State Governments, Urban Local Bodies, Development Authorities to periodically

update their Master Plans and Zoning Plans which should, adequately provide for housing and basic
services for the urban poor.

ii) Promoting balanced urban-rural planning by following the Regional Planning Approach, take the
whole State/UT as a region, under the Town & Country Planning Acts in the States.

iii) Planning of Mass Rapid Transit Systems (MRTS) at the city Metropolitan Planning Area and Sub
region levels.
2.Affordable Housing

iv) Accelerating the pace of development of housing and related infrastructure.

v) Creating adequate housing stock both on rental and ownership basis with special emphasis on improving the
affordability of the vulnerable and economically weaker sections of society through appropriate capital or interest
subsidies.

vi) Using technology for modernizing the housing sector for enhancing energy and cost efficiency, productivity and
quality.

• Technology would be harnessed to meet the housing needs of the poor.

• The concept of ‘green’ and ‘intelligent’ buildings would be put in place on the ground.
• Technological advances would be disseminated for preventing and mitigating the effects of natural disasters on
buildings, e.g., in case of earthquakes, floods, cyclones, etc.
3.Increase flow of Funds
vii) Promoting larger flow of funds from governmental and private sources for fulfilling housing and infrastructure
needs by designing innovative financial instruments.

viii) Designing suitable fiscal concessions in congruence with the Housing and Habitat Policy with appropriate
monitoring mechanism to ensure that the concessions are correctly targeted and utilized.

ix) Removing legal, financial and administrative barriers for facilitating access to tenure, land, finance and
technology.

x) Shifting to a demand driven approach and from subsidy based housing schemes to cost recovery cum-subsidy
schemes for housing through a proactive financial policy including micro-finance and related self-help group
programmes.
 5.Increase Supply of Land
4.Spatial Incentives
xiii) Facilitating accessibility to serviced land and
housing with focus on economically weaker sections and
xi) Innovative spatial incentives like
low income group categories.
• relaxation of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) for ensuring that
xiv) Suitable restructuring
20-25 % of the FAR are reserved for EWS / LIG and
for enabling both institutions at the State and Centre levels as
well as the private sector for increasing supply of land.
• issuance of Transferable Development Rights(TDR) for
clearance of transport bottlenecks in the inner-city areas
and availability of additional FAR in Outer Zones will be 6.Special Provision for
promoted with a view to meeting the housing shortage SC/ST/OBC/Minorities/Disabled
amongst EWS/ LIG.
xv) Special efforts for catering to the needs of Scheduled
xii) Careful review of authorized Floor Area Ratio (FAR) in Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, Minorities,
line with international practices for allowing more efficient Disabled persons, slum dwellers, street vendors other informal
use of scarce urban land by construction of high rise sector workers and other vulnerable sections of the society in
buildings. relation to housing and access to basic services.
7.Special Provision for Women
xvi) Involving women at all levels of decision making for
ensuring their participation in formulation and implementation
of housing policies and programmes.
xvii) Addressing the special needs of women headed households,
single women, working women and women in difficult
circumstances in relation to housing serviced by basic amenities.
8.Employment Generation
xviii) Upgradation of construction skills and accelerated
development of housing and infrastructure sectors for giving an
impetus to employment generation.
9.Public-Private Partnerships
xix) Forging strong partnerships between public, private and
cooperative sectors for accelerated growth in the Housing
Sector and sustainable development of habitat.
10.Management Information System
xx) Establishing a Management Information System (MIS) in the
Housing Sector for strengthening monitoring of building
activities in the country.
11.Healthy Environment
xxi) Developing cities/towns in a manner which promotes a healthy
environment,
• Encouraging use of renewable energy resources.
• Ensuring effective solid waste management in collaboration
with persons involved in recycling activities.
xxii) Protecting our cultural heritage and architecture as well as
promoting traditional skills with suitable adaptation to modern
technologies.
Public Sector Housing
•HUDCO (Housing & urban development
corporation limited)
•TNSCB (National Housing bank)
•TNHB (Tamilnadu Housing board)
•NBO (National Buildings Organization)
Public Sector
A public sector enterprise is an organization which is
•Owned by public authorities including Central, State or Local authorities, to the extent of
50% or more;
•Is under the top managerial control of owning public authorities
•Is established for the achievement of a definite set of public purpose
•Is consequently placed under a system of public accountability
•Is engaged in an activity of business character
OBJECTIVES
•Helps in rapid economic growth & industrialisation of the country &
creation of necessary infrastructure for economic development,
•To earn return on investment & thus generate resources for
development,
•To promote redistribution of income and wealth,
•To create employment opportunities,
•To promote balanced regional development,
•To promote import substitution, save and earn foreign exchange for the
economy
•Acts as a countervailing force and put up an effective competition to
undertakings in private sector and
•To gain control over the commanding heights of the economy.
HOUSING & URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (HUDCO)
The housing and urban development sector plays a significant role in the economic and social development of a
country.

The access to and the quality of housing and urban basic services directly influence the quality of life of
people, their productivity levels and growth potential.

Before the establishment of HUDCO,

• The Government of India was operating a number of subsidized housing schemes and loan schemes.

• The subsidized housing schemes were meant for industrial workers, economically weaker section of the
society and slum dwellers, while the loan schemes were targeted for the people in the low-income and
middle-income groups as well as rental housing schemes for State Government employees.

• All these schemes were under the direct control of the Ministry of Works and Housing. Such a system
of housing finance did not give the required thrust for promoting housing development activities, which in
many cases were considered of lower priority.
The establishment of HUDCO in 1970 as a sectoral institution for comprehensively dealing with
the problems of growing housing shortages, rising number of slums and for fulfilling the pressing needs of
the economically weaker section of the society was one of the significant steps in the series of initiatives
taken by Government.

Thus the setting up of HUDCO was aimed at

• Accelerating the pace of construction

• Elimination of housing shortages
• For orderly development of urban centres.

The Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd. (HUDCO) was incorporated on April 25, 1970 under
the Companies Act 1956, as a fully owned enterprise of the Government of India.

Apart from the financing operations, HUDCO offers consultancy services, promotes research and
studies and help propagate use of local building materials, cost-effective and innovative construction
technologies.
OBJECTIVES
The Article of Memorandum of HUDCO stripulates the Major Objective of HUDCO as under:

1. To provide long term finance for construction of houses for residential purposes or finance or undertake
housing and urban development programmes in the country.

2. To finance or undertake, wholly or partly, the setting up of new or satellite town.

3. To subscribe to the debentures and bonds to be issued by the State Housing (and or Urban Development)
Boards, Improvement Trusts, Development Authorities etc., specifically for the purpose of financing housing and
urban development programmes.

4. To finance or undertake the setting up of industrial enterprises of building material.

5. To administer the moneys received, from time to time, from the Government of India and other sources as
grants or otherwise for the purposes of financing or undertaking housing and urban development programmes in the
country.

6. To promote, establish, assist, collaborate and provide consultancy services for the projects of designing and
planning of works relating to Housing and Urban Development programmes in India and abroad.
The various projects being funded by HUDCO under Housing include the following:-
•Land Acquisition and Development
•Urban/Rural Housing for EWS/ LIG/MIG/ HIG and Other Categories
•Staff Rental Housing
•Slum rehabilitation/ in-situ development
•Repairs and Renewal
•Public sector /Private sector Housing Projects
•Co-operative Housing Societies both Apex and Primary
NATIONAL BUILDINGS ORGANIZATION (NBO)
The National Buildings Organisation (NBO) was established in 1954 as an attached office under the
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (then Ministry of Works and Housing) for
technology transfer, experimentation, development and dissemination of housing statistics.

In the context of formulation of Housing Policy and Programmes,

study of socio-economic aspects of housing issues and
the increased need for housing statistics,

NBO was restructured in 1992.

NBO was further restructured in March, 2006 with the revised mandate keeping in view the current
requirements under the National Housing Policy, and various socio-economic and statistical functions
connected with housing and building activities.
The mandate of the NBO in its restructured form is as follows: -
• To collect, collate, validate, analyse, disseminate and publish the housing and building construction statistics.

• To organize training programmes for the officers and staff of the State Government engaged in collection and
dissemination of housing and building construction statistics.

• To create and manage a documentation centre relating to housing, poverty, slums and infrastructure related
statistics.

• To coordinate with all the State Govts/Research Institutions/UNCHS/International Bodies etc. as being a nodal
agency in the field to cater to the statistical needs of the planners, policy makers and research organization in
the field of housing and related infrastructural facilities .

• To conduct regular short term sample surveys in various pockets of the country to study the impact of the plan
schemes, which are being run by the Ministry by utilizing the service of staff so employed on contractual basis. At least
two such studies will be conducted in a year.

• To undertake special socio-economic studies evaluating the impact of the plans, policies and programmes in the
field of housing and infrastructure, as and when required, by the Ministry for which the additional funds will be
provided by the Ministry.
NBO is primarily engaged in collection, collation, analysis and dissemination of housing and construction
statistics with a view to have an effective country-wide system for this purpose.

In addition, the Organisation coordinates activities relating to the information emanating from various sources, namely,
the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, National Sample Survey Organisation and other
concerned organisations.

The NBO is the only organization in the Government of India, which is responsible for developing an authentic and
reliable database on housing and building statistics.

The statistics collected and disseminated by NBO is not only used in policy formulation but is also used by various
research organizations in the field of housing. The information disseminated by NBO is also used and taken by
international agencies as the authentic official statistics.

NBO being the nodal agency in respect of housing statistics at the central level not only coordinates with state
governments but also guides the State Government authorities in collection of housing statistics through its
training programmes.
National Buildings Organisation collects data on

i) Current Housing and Building Construction Activity Statistics, both from public and private sectors,
in the urban areas on annual basis;

ii) quarterly Building Material Prices and Wages of Labour from Selected Centres spread all over the
country;

iii) Building Construction Cost Index for LIG houses constructed by PWD from various centres spread
all over the country on quarterly basis,

iv) Building Permits and Completion Certificates issued by the Municipalities having population of
100,000 and more on annual basis. The data so collected is tabulated and released through its various
publications.
 LIG
Public Sector
Housing EWS HIG
Agencies in TN TNHB

TNSCB CMDA
MIG

Public Sector Agencies in TN

TAMILNADU SLUM CLEARANCE BOARD (TNSCB)
Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board a pioneer institution for development and rehabilitation of urban slums was set up
in 1970 with the motto 'God, we shall see, in the smile of the poor ' for the clearance and improvement of urban
slum areas in Tamil Nadu.

It has been implementing various Housing, Slum Improvement and Rehabilitation and Resettlement schemes to
ameliorate the living conditions of the slum dwellers in Tamil Nadu.

OBJECTIVES

1. To clear all the slums in Chennai & to provide self contained hygienic tenements.

2. To prevent the growth of slums & encroachments

3. To prevent the eviction of slum dwellers by private owners and to provide the slum families with security of tenure.

4. To provide basic amenities like water supply, street lights, storm water drains, sewer line, etc to the slum
areas .
POLICIES / STRATEGY

The three pronged strategy for developing / clearing slums followed by Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board are:

i) In-situ plotted development and infrastructure improvement Wherever in-situ development is feasible, such slums are identified
and taken up for in-situ improvement for provision of basic facilities to make the areas habitable and for provision of tenurial
rights to the occupiers after getting the land transferred to the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board.

ii) In-situ tenemental schemes The slums located in unobjectionable poramboke areas, wherein equitable distribution of space to all is
not feasible, are cleared and tenemental schemes put up.

iii) Rehabilitation and Resettlement scheme Wherever neither tenemental nor insitu development is feasible, (as in the case of objectionable
porambokes like water ways etc.,) Rehabilitation and Resettlement in tenements in nearby locations with necessary infrastructure is
taken up. The cleared site is then restored to its original use.

Other Programmes
i) Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board has provided support to individual housing schemes under different programmes like VAMBAY,
Rajiv Gandhi Rehabilitation Package etc.,

ii) To ensure holistic development and economic upliftment of the poor, the Board has spear-headed community development activities in
the slums, under which it imparts vocational training and livelihood support, specially for the youth and women
TAMILNADU HOUSING BOARD (THNB)
The Tamil Nadu Housing Board is a body, duly constituted by an act called “Tamil Nadu Housing Board Act, 1961”.
(Madras Act 17 of 1961). Originally it was called City Improvement Trust (CIT) which later became the present Tamil Nadu
Housing Board.

The Tamil Nadu Housing Board is catering the Housing needs of different categories of the society in tune with their
economic affordability.

The Board is managed by a Board of Directors with due representation from other state organisations, conducting
meetings periodically taking policy decision to guide the Board.

OBJECTIVES/FUNCTIONS:
i) Developing house sites (Plots) and
ii) Creating Satellite towns in the peripheral area of the city.
iii) Building houses and flats to cater to the needs of the people of all sections of the society with necessary
infrastructure like quality roads, public health preference such as sewerage disposal and potable water supply, etc.
V) Cost effectiveness and affordability.
Vi) Services like tying up for loans with housing financial institutions and National Banks for Housing Finance.
vii) Clean, clear and free from encumbrance marketable title.
viii) After sales service
TNHB has created self-sustaining townships in late 1970s and early 1980s like Anna Nagar, Besant
Nagar, KK Nagar, Ashok Nagar, Tambaram, Thirumullaivoyal and Shastri Nagar.

Owing to the elevation in economic activity to the south of Chennai, it has created self-sustaining
township in Sholinganallur with wide roads, residential plots, apartments, school and park zones.

It has also completed mid size neighborhood developments in Velachery, Mogappair and Chitlapakkam.
Other promotions are also seen as small and mid sized neighbourhoods in tier-II cities like Coimbatore
and Madurai.

TNHB categorizes the developments based on Income levels of end users as

EWS Upto Rs. 2,100/- P.M.

LIG Rs.2,101/- to Rs. 4,500/-P.M.
MIG Rs.4,501/- to Rs. 7,500/-P.M.
HIG Rs.7,501/- and above P.M.
The following category wise reservation is followed for allotment of
development

Scheduled Caste including Adi Dravidas 18 %

Scheduled Tribes 1%
State Government Servants 18%
Central Govt.Servants including Employees of TNEB. 8%
Defense Personnel including Ex-serviceman 7%
Dhobies & Barbers 4%
Working Journalists 3%
Language Crusaders 1%
Employees of TNHB 2%
General public 38%
Private Sector Housing
•A private sector enterprise is an organisation which is owned, managed &
controlled by private individuals or a group of individuals or both. It is also
engaged in business activity but with the motive of profit maximisation rather than
public service like in case of public sector enterprise.

OBJECTIVES
•To reduce political interference in the management of enterprise, leading to
improved efficiency & productivity,
•To provide adequate competition to the public sector,
•To generate cash in order to fund the ever-increasing expenses,
•To reduce the concentration of economic power in the country.
•EXAMPLE Hiranandani Condominiums
Rural Housing
THANK YOU