TUTORIAL 8 – COMP352

WINTER 2018
OUTLINE
o Quick Review comparison-based Sorting
o Merge Sort
o Quick Sort
o Stability

o Linear-Time Sorting
o Bucket-Sort
o Radix-Sort

o Problem Solving
MERGE SORT
Idea: Mergesort is a divide and conquer algorithm. The fundamental operations in
this algorithm are dividing the array into two sub-lists with equal length and merging
these two sorted lists.

Reference: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/merge-sort/
QUICK SORT
Idea: Quick sort is also a divide-and-conquer algorithm. Similarly, the algorithm spilt
the input array into two sub arrays in each recursive call and conquer the two sub
arrays with the same method.

The function of Parition is choosing a pivot, and putting

the pivot on right position so that each element in left
side of pivot is smaller than it and each element in
right side is greater than it. We can do it in O(n) time.
PARTITION OF QUICK SORT

Reference: Introduction to Algorithm Third Edition(Chapter 7-Quick Sort)

STABILITY
Let S =( 𝑘0 , 𝑥0 , … , (𝑘𝑛−1 , 𝑥𝑛−1 ) be a sequence of such entries. We say that a
sorting algorithm is stable if, for any two entries (𝑘𝑖 , 𝑥𝑖 ) and (𝑘𝑗 , 𝑥𝑗 ) of S, such that
𝑘𝑖 = 𝑘𝑗 and (𝑘𝑖 , 𝑥𝑖 ) precedes (𝑘𝑗 , 𝑥𝑗 ) in S before sorting (that is, i < j), entry
(𝑘𝑖 , 𝑥𝑖 ) also precedes entry (𝑘𝑗 , 𝑥𝑗 ) after sorting.
BUCKET-SORT
Consider a sequence S of n entries whose keys are integers in the range [0, N−1],
for some integer N ≥ 2, and suppose that S should be sorted according to the keys
of the entries. The crucial point is that, because of the restrictive assumption about
the format of the elements, we can avoid using comparisons

Example:
For simplicity, consider the key in the range 0 to 9.
Input data: (1, 𝑣1 ), (4, 𝑣2 ), (1, 𝑣3 ), (2, 𝑣4), (7, 𝑣5 ),
(5, 𝑣6 ), (2, 𝑣7 )
RADIX-SORT
We want to sort entries with keys that are pairs (k, l), where k and l are integers in
the range [0, N−1], for some integer N ≥ 2. In a context such as this, it is natural to
define an ordering on these keys using the lexicographical (dictionary) convention,
where (𝒌𝟏 , 𝒍𝟏 )<(𝒌𝟐 , 𝒍𝟐 ) if 𝒌𝟏 < 𝒌𝟐 or if 𝒌𝟏 = 𝒌𝟐 and 𝒍𝟏 < 𝒍𝟐 .
PROBLEM SOLVING 1
Given an array A[1…n] with each element in range [1, k] . There is an element that
appears at least n/2 times in this array. Please find out this number.
For example:
A[1..n] = {1,2,3,2,2,2,5,2,4}
Output:
2
PROBLEM SOLVING 2
Given an array A[], write a function that segregates even and odd numbers. The
functions should put all even numbers first, and then odd numbers.
Example:
Input = {12, 34, 45, 9, 8, 90, 3}
Output = {12, 34, 8, 90, 45, 9, 3}