Académique Documents
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Resistant Buildings
Earthquake types
CoM
Inertia Force due to
Earthquake act through
CoM
Asymmetry
Plan of building
Elevation of building
Building Joint
Geometrical Asymmetry - Plan
Asymmetrical Plans
Asymmetrical buildings undergo large amount of
torsion and hence extreme corners are subjected to
heavy force.
Avoid asymmetrical buildings like: I, L,U, and T shape
buildings.
Symmetrical Plans
As CoM & CoR coincide in plan twisting will not occur
due to earthquake. Building will need to resist the
horizontal inertia force only.
Symmetrical plans like Rectangular, Square,
Polygonal or Circular are favourable.
Geometrical Asymmetry - Elevation
In vertical directions, sudden change in stiffness or mass creates instability. It attracts more forces
and hence undergo large deflections. Excessive deflection induces large bending moment and shear force
in the structural members.
Stress concentration
zone
Geometrical Asymmetry – Building Joint
Solutions
Tie-Beam
Raft Foundation
Base Isolation
Differential Settlement
Isolated Foundation
Raft Foundation
•As the raft has a common base and it
equally and uniformly distribute the super
structure load to the sub soil.
Currently, there are several design philosophies in earthquake engineering, making use of
experimental results, computer simulations and observations from past earthquakes to
offer the required performance for the seismic threat at the site of interest. There are five
broad categories of structural systems which are taken into account when designing
earthquake resistant buildings.
•Bearing wall buildings are commonly used for residential construction, warehouses, and
low-rise commercial buildings of concrete, masonry, and wood construction.
•Unlike standard masonry walls which are solid, the interlocking mortar-less masonry
blocks allow slight movement and lock tighter over time, aided by an innovative
application of steel reinforcement. This construction technique is also better at dissipating
the energy of a seismic wave than traditional masonry.
2. Bearing Frame Systems
•For buildings constructed of structural steel and concrete Lateral resistance is provided
either by diagonal steel members (termed braces) that extend between the beams and
columns to provide horizontal rigidity or by concrete, masonry, or timber shear walls that
provide lateral resistance but do not carry the structure’s weight.
•In some building frame structures, the diagonal braces or walls form an inherent and
evident part of the building design. In most buildings, the braces or walls may be hidden
behind exterior cladding or interior partitions.
3. Moment-Resisting Frame
•Used for both structural steel and reinforced concrete construction.
• The horizontal beams and vertical columns provide both support for the structure’s
weight and the strength and stiffness needed to resist lateral forces.
•Stiffness and strength are achieved through the use of rigid connections between the
beams and columns that prevent these elements from rotating relative to one other.
•Moment-resisting frame systems are popular because they do not require braced frames
or structural walls, therefore permitting large open spaces and facades with many
unobstructed window openings
4. Dual Systems
•Dual systems is an economical alternative to moment-resisting frames, are commonly
used for tall buildings.
•The moment-resisting frames provide vertical support for the structure’s weight and a
portion of the structure’s lateral resistance while most of the lateral resistance is provided
either by concrete, masonry, or steel walls or by steel braced frames..
Earthquake Building Codes in Japan
Japan is a seismically active country and has some of the most rigorous earthquake
building standards in the World.
1924: Earthquakeresistantconstructionregulationswereintroduced.
Cause:1923 Kanto Earthquake
Effect: Regulations for wooden beams, reinforced concrete used in construction
in town areas
1950: TheintroductionoftheBuildingStandardsAct“kyu-taishin”
Cause: 1948 Fukui earthquake
Effect: Regualtions were no longer limited to town areas.
1971: AmendmentstotheAct
Shearing reinforcements and reinforced concrete foundations
1981: NewEarthquakeResistantBuildingStandardAmendment“Shin-taishin”
Cause: 1978 Miyagi Earthquake
Effect: Buildings should not suffer during a mid-size
earthquake, and a buiding shold not collapse during l
arge earthquakes
CaseStudy: Shigeru Ban's Paper Tube School
Shigeru Ban along with a team of Chinese and Japanese students, built
temporary but resilient schools out of plywood and recycled cardboard
tubes.
a. Recycled paper tubes are molded into load-bearing columns,
bent into trusses and rapidly assembled.
b. Can be made waterproof and fire resistant.
c. Various thickness and diameters of paper can be added to a
structure to support more weight as necessary
d. Can build structures a few stories high.
Feasibility: Uses materials that are available anywhere in the world and is also structurally
sound