RADIOLOGY OF UL

Possible Views for Xray

 AP, PA
 Axial (armpit view)
 Lateral scapular (Y view)
 Apical oblique
 Etc…
Describing Factures
 Anatomical site of fracture
 In long bones, divide shaft into thirds (eg fracture distal thir third of femur)
 Use anatomical landmarks for description (eg fracture near greater tuberosity)
 Pattern of fracture
 Simple fracture ; no fragments. Direction of fracture line : transverse, oblique, spiral, longitudinal
 Comminuted fracture (more than 2 fragments)
 Complete or incomplete fractures
 Apposition and alignment
 Displacement (medial, lateral, posterior and anterior)
 Angulation (medial , lateral, posterior and anterior)
 Rotation (internal, external)
 Overriding : overlap of fragments
 Distracted
 Adjacent joints
 Normal
 Dislocation
 Subluxation
 Intraarticular extension of fracture line
 Anatomical neck
Greater tuberosity Head of the humerus
of the humerus
Biceptal groove Lesser tuberosity
of the humerus

Surgical neck

Shaft of the humerus

Plain X-Ray of the shoulder region

 Acromion
Upper border
of the scapula

Glenoid cavity
Clavicle
Coracoid process
Infraglenoid
tubercle

medial border
Lateral border of the scapula
of the scapula

Plain X-Ray of the shoulder region

 Shaft of the humerus

Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle Of the humerus
Of the humerus
Olecranon process
Capitulum

Head of the radius Cronoid process

Neck of the radius
Tuberosity of the radius
Shaft of the radius
Shaft of the ulna

Plain X-Ray of the elbow region

 Plain X-Ray of the wrist region

Styloid process
of the ulna

Styloid process
of the radius

Lower end of
the ulna Head Lower end of the radius
of the ulna
 3d 2nd
4th 1st Metacarpals
5th
Capitate Trapezoid

Hamate
Trapezium
Pisiform
Scaphoid
Triquetral

Lunate

Plain X-Ray of the wrist region

 3d 2nd
4th 1st Metacarpals

5th Capitate Trapezoid

Hook of hamate
Hamate Trapezium
Pisiform Scaphoid

Triquetral Lunate

Plain X-Ray of the wrist region

Ossification centres
There are 6 ossification centres around the
elbow joint.
They appear and fuse to the adjacent bones at
different ages.
It is important to know the sequence of
appearance since the ossification centers
always appear in a strict order.
This order of appearance is specified in the
mnemonic C-R-I-T-O-E (Capitellum - Radius -
Internal or medial epicondyle - Trochlea -
Olecranon - External or lateral epicondyle).
The ages at which these ossification centres
appear are highly variable and differ between
individuals.
It is not important to know these ages, but as a
general guide you could remember 1-3-5-7-9-
11 years.