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EXTRACELLULAR AND
INTRACELLULAR PATHOGEN
Introduction
• Pathogen : mikroorganism that can cause a
disease to human, plant or animal
• Pathogenycitys is the ability of microorganism to
cause a disease in host cell
• Determinants virulence of pathogen are any of
its genetic or biochemical, structure that enable
it to produce disease
• Microba pathogen : virus, bacteria, fungi and
parasit
• Pathogen can infect cell by extracellular or
intracellular mechanism or both
Introduction
• The development of an infectious disease in an
individual involves complex interactions between
the microbe and the host
• The key events during infection include entry of
the microbe, invasion and colonization of host
tissues, evasion of host immunity, and tissue
injury or functional impairment
• In order to giving response to the infection of
pathogen, the body has immunity sistem as self
defenses against pathogen
Patogen ??
Inflammation response
Dendritic cells and phagocytes that are activated by the microbes
secrete cytokines, which induce leukocyte infiltration into sites of
infection (inflammation)
The recruited leukocytes ingest and destroy the bacteria
Adaptive Immunity
Humoral immunity is a major protective
immune response against extracellular bacteria
The effecto rmechanisms used by
antibodies :
Neutralization by high-affinity
IgG, IgM, and IgA isotypes
opsonization by some
subclasses of IgG
Helminthic
Phagocytosis and secrete microbicidal substances to kill organisms that are too
large to be phagocytosed
Some helmints also activate alternatif pathway complement system
Adaptive Immunity
Different protozoa and helminths vary greatly in their structural and
biochemical properties, life cycles, and pathogenic mechanisms. These
conditions lead to different adaptive immune response
Protozoa
The principal defense mechanism against protozoa that survive within
macrophages is cell-mediated immunity, particularly macrophage
activation by TH1 cell–derived cytokines (Intracelular protozoa) similar to
immunty for virus and bacteria intracellular
TH1 CD4+ T cells, which produce IFN-γ and thereby activate macrophages
to destroy intracellular parasites
Some protozoa which can replicate in host cell will stimulate Imun
response of CTL (endogenous pathway). Ex. Malaria parasit
Adaptive Immunity
Helmints
Metazoa such as helminths survive in extracellular tissues
Immun response: mediated by the activation of TH2 cells, which results in
production of IgE antibodies and activation of eosinophils
Helminths stimulate differentiation of naive CD4+ helper T cells to the Th2
subset of effector cells
Th2 secrete IL-4 and IL-5
IL-4 : stimulates the production of IgE, which binds to the Fcε receptor of
eosinophils and mast cells
IL-5 :stimulates the development and activates eosinophils
Parasit in GIT destroy by IgG, IgE or ADCC
Adaptive Immunity
Immunity response against
parasit
Immune evasion by parasite
PUSTAKA
• Abul K. Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai-
Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 7th Edition -
Saunders Elsevier (2011)
• Janeway, C. A. Jr., P. Travers, M. Waldport, and M.
J. Immunobiology, The Immune System in Health
and Disease
• Goldsby, R.A., T. J. Kindt, B. A. Osborne, and J.
Kuby, 2010, Immunology,7th ed., W. H.
Freeman and C.,New York
• Baratawidjaja, karnen., rengganis, iris. 2010.
Immunologi dasar. Ed 10. Penerbit FK UI:Jakarta