Medical and Industrial

Utilization of Enzymes

Shivam Jaiswal 2015A1PS0717P

Satyaki Roy 2015A1PS0517P
Introduction
Although the enzymes have been significant industrial products for
around more than half a century,the range of their potential application
in various fields have started increasing at a fast pace in the last 2
decades.

Recombinant DNA technology has proven revolutionary to enzyme

production with formerly rare enzymes being easily produced in large
quantities and at cheaper rates.
Another advancement is development of chirally pure compounds for
drug use, It is a great help when we are able to separate one
enantiomer which is helpful from the other producing the side-effects.

Enzymes collected from organisms thriving in extreme environments

has given us the opportunity to prepare enzymes that can also work in
such extreme conditions.

The enzymes designed nowadays are the ones which that have the
human design and have been altered from their original forms. Thus,
our dependence on naturally available enzymes has ended.
Industrial Enzyme Market
PROMINENT INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES
 Proteases

Main Function: Hydrolysis of proteins into smaller peptide units.

Source:bacteria(bacillus), molds(Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and

Mucor), animal pancreas & plants.

Use: cheese making, baking, meat tenderization, brewing,

detergents (hydrolysis of protein stains), tanning and medical
treatment of wounds.
 Pectinases

Main Function: Breaks down pectin, a

polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.

Source: A. niger

Use: fruit juice processing and wine

making (increase juice yield, reducing
juice viscosity, and clearing the juice)
 Lipases

Main Function: hydrolysis of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Source: Animal pancreas, some

molds, yeast

Use: soap manufacture, clearing

compounds in clogged waste water
streams, providing flavor in cheese
and butter industry, detergent industry
 Hemicellulases

Main Function:hydrolysis of hemicellulose into 5 carbon sugar units.

Source: Some molds such as white rot

fungi and A.niger

Use: Employed in combination with other

enzymes to make doughs, brewing mashes,
alcohol fermentation from biomass, waste
treatment
 Lactases

Main Function:Hydrolysis of lactose in whey to glucose and galactose

Source: Yeast and some Aspergillus

species

Use: fermentation of cheese whey to

ethanol
 Amylases
Main Function: Catalyze the hydrolysis of starch into sugar.

Source: A. niger and B. subtilis.

Use: Production of glucose from the starch,

(production of 1.3 billion pounds of glucose
in U.S. alone)
PROMINENT MEDICINAL ENZYMES
 Asparaginase

Main Function: It catalyses the reaction:

L-Asparagine + H2O ----------- L-aspartate + NH3

Source: Escherichia Coli are used as the

main source of the enzyme, since a large
quantity of enzyme can be produced from
the speci.

Use: Treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia,

acute myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma.
 Collagenase
Main Function: The enzyme aids in the collagen hydrolysis, breaking the peptide bonds.

Source: Bacillus cereus CNA1 and

Klebsiella pneumoniae CNL3 are two
enzymes used for industrial production.

Use: Treating skin ulcers and wound

healing.
 Glutaminase
Main Function: It catalyses the reaction:
L-Glutamine + H2O ----------- L-glutamate + NH3

Source: Streptomyces species are

specifically used to produce optimum
quantities of the enzyme.

Use: Treatment of leukaemia.

 Urokinase
Main Function: It catalyses the reaction:
Plasminogen ----------- Plasmin

Source: Originally isolated from human

urine,also present in the blood and in the
extracellular matrix of many tissues.

Use: Treatment of severe deep venous

thrombosis,pulmonary embolism, myocardial
infarction, and occluded intravenous or
dialysis cannulas.
 Uricase
Main Function: It catalyses the reaction --
Urate+ O2 ----------- Allantoin

Source: The enzyme is mass produced by

genetically modified bacteria such as
Arthrobacter globiformis, Bacillus subtilis
and Nocardia farcinica
Use: For the treatment of acute
hyperuricemia in patients receiving
chemotherapy. Also for treatment of chronic
gout in adult patients.
Conclusion
From being extracted for the first time to now being
used in development of biosensors, the enzyme use
has sure come a long way in the last century.

It would not only be unimaginable but downright

impossible to perceive our present world without
them.