WELCOME TO CDMA OVERVEIW

CDMA
Main Contents
 CDMA Basic Conception
 Benefits of CDMA
 Comparison of Access Techniques
 Spectrum Allocation
 CDMA Channel Structure
 MS States
 Call Flow Architecture
 Handoff Concepts & Types
 Power Control Concepts
 CDMA Network Structure
 CDMA Interfaces
 Network Interfaces
 What is CDMA?
• CDMA is a Direct Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum
Modulation Technique, where in, a narrow band (of less
than 10 kHz) user information (voice or data) is
transmitted over a wide RF bandwidth (of 1.25 MHz);
with many users occupying the same RF transmission
band but are separated by what are called “codes”.

• Channel access method is Code Division Multiple

Access.

• Frequency reuse factor is 1 i.e. only one frequency is

use.
 Why CDMA? - Benefits of CDMA
Benefits to End-Users
• Improved Privacy
• Excellent Voice Quality
• Soft and Softer Handoff to Improve Call Quality
• Longer Battery Life for Mobile Phone Units
• Packetized Structure to Support Simultaneous Voice & Data
• Increased System Capacity

Benefits to Service Providers

• Increased System Capacity
• Simplified Frequency Reuse
• Improved Interference Immunity
• Lower RF Power Requirements at the Cell Site
• Soft/Softer Handoffs
• Variable Rate Speech Coding
• Packetized Communications Structure
CDMA Around the World
Code Division Multiple Access
 Development of CDMA

CDMA2000
3X
CDMA2000 307.2kbps
IS95A IS95A  Heavier voice
9.6kbps 115.2kbps service capacity;
 Longer period of CDMA2000
standby time 1X EV
1995 1998 1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
2000
2003

• Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity

• Higher packet data rate and more diversified services
• Smooth transit to 3G
 What is Multiple Access
Multiple Access: Simultaneous private use of a transmission medium by multiple, independent users.

Since the beginning of telephony and radio, system

operators have tried to squeeze the maximum amount
of traffic over each circuit.
Transmission
• Types of Media -- Examples:
– Twisted pair - copper Medium

– Coaxial cable
– Fiber optic cable
– Air interface (Radio Signals)
• Advantages of Multiple Access
Each pair of users enjoys
– Increased capacity: serve more users a dedicated, private
– Reduced capital requirements since circuit through the
fewer media can carry the traffic transmission medium,
unaware that the other
– Decreased per-user expense
users exist.
– Easier to manage and administer
 Multiple Access Approaches
Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated pathway through a FDMA
transmission medium for one user’s information.

The transmission medium is a resource that can be subdivided into Power

individual channels according to the technology used.

 FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

• Each user on a different frequency
• A channel is a frequency TDMA

Power
 TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
• Each user on a different window period in time (“time slot”)
• A channel is a specific time slot on a specific frequency

 CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CDMA

• A channel is a unique code pattern
• Each user uses the same frequency all the time, but Power
mixed with different distinguishing code patterns
 Frequency Re-use in GSM & CDMA

GSM – 7 Cell Reuse Pattern CDMA - Universal Reuse Pattern

f7
f
f2
6 f7
f1
f7 f6
f5 f2
f3
f1
f4
f5
f3
f3
f4

EACH CELL USES DIFFERENT FREQUENCY EACH CELL USES SAME FREQUENCY
 CDMA 800 MHz Cellular Spectrum Usage

12
 Defining Our Terms
 CDMA Channel or CDMA Carrier or CDMA Frequency
• Duplex channels made of two 1.25 MHz-wide bands of electromagnetic spectrum, one for
Base Station to Mobile Station communication (called the FORWARD LINK or the DOWNLINK)
and another for Mobile Station to Base Station communication (called the REVERSE LINK or
the UPLINK)
• In 800 Cellular these two simplex 1.25 MHz bands are 45 MHz apart

 CDMA Forward Channel CDMA CHANNEL

CDMA CDMA
• 1.25 MHz Forward Link Reverse Forward
Channel Channel
 CDMA Reverse Channel 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz

• 1.25 MHz Reverse Link

45 MHz

 CDMA Code Channel

• Each individual stream of 0’s and 1’s contained in either the CDMA Forward Channel or in the
CDMA Reverse Channel
• Code Channels are characterized (made unique) by mathematical codes
• Code channels in the forward link: Pilot, Sync, Paging and Forward Traffic channels
• Code channels in the reverse link: Access and Reverse Traffic channels
Spread Spectrum Concept
SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM

Wideband Signal

Slow Slow
Information Information
Sent Recovered

TX RX

Fast Fast
Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence

Spread-spectrum is a means of transmission in which the signal occupies a bandwidth in

excess of the minimum required to send the information; the band spread is accomplished
by means of a code that is independent of the data, and a synchronized reception with the
code at the receiver is used for de-spreading and subsequent data recovery.

• Direct-Sequence Spread spectrum systems mix their input data with a fast spreading
sequence and transmit a wideband signal.

• The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with
the incoming wideband signal to recover the original data.
 Spread Spectrum Principal

SHANON Formula

C=B*log2(1+S/N)

Where,
C is Channel Capacity, b/s
B is Signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average Signal power, W
N is average noise power, W

It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum communications.

 Spread Spectrum Concept
In GSM small time slots of the spectrum (200 kHz) are used by different users as channels.

1800 MHz 1850 MHz 1910 MHz 1930 MHz 1990 MHz 2000 MHz

Mobile Tx Cell Tx

User 1 Code 1
User 2 Code 2
User 3 Code 3
User 4 Code 4

User n Code n

Spread spectrum uses much larger slice (1.25 MHz) of the available bandwidth.
Same slice is used for all user with no time multiplexing but each user is
assigns with a different code to uniquely identify them.
 Walsh Codes
CDMA Techniques

CDMA defines a group of 64 orthogonal sequences, each 64 bits long,

known as Walsh Codes. These sequences are also referred to as Wash
Functions. These codes are generated at 1.2288 Mbps (Mcps) with a period
of approximately 52 µs. Walsh Codes are used to separate individual users
while they simultaneously occupy the same RF band. For this reason they
are also referred to as either Walsh Channels. All base stations and mobile
users have knowledge of all Walsh codes.

Orthogonal Sequences must met the following three conditions:

• The cross-correlation should be zero or very small.
• Each sequence in the set has an equal number of 1s and -1s, or the number of 1s
differs from the number of -1s by at most one.
• The scaled dot product of each code should equal to 1.
Walsh Code Functions in Forward Link

• A Mobile Station receives a Forward Channel from a sector in a Base Station.

• The Forward Channel carries a composite signal of up to 64 forward code channels.
• Some code channels are traffic channels and others are overhead channels.
• A set of 64 mathematical codes is needed to differentiate the 64 possible forward
code channels.
– The codes in this set are called “Walsh Codes”
 Short Codes
CDMA Techniques & Technologies

 Short code is a PN sequence with

period of 215 chips PN a
– Sequence with different time offset is
used to distinguish different sectors
PN b
– Minimum PN sequence offset used is
64 chips, that is, 512 PN offsets are
PN c
available to identify the CDMA sectors
(215/64=512).

The Short Code is a PN sequence that is 2 ^ 15 bits (chips) in length. This

code is generated at 1.2288 Mbps (or Mcps) giving a period of 26.67ms.
This code is used for final spreading of the signal and is transmitted as a
reference known as the Pilot Sequence'' by the base station. All base
stations use the same short code. Base stations are differentiated from
one another by transmitting the PN short code at different ``offsets'' in
absolute.
 Short PN Function in Forward Link

Up to 64 Up to 64
Code Channels Code Channels
A B

• A mobile Station is surrounded by Base Stations, all of them transmitting on the same
CDMA Frequency.
• Each Sector in each Base Station is transmitting a Forward Traffic Channel containing
up to 64 forward code channels.
• A Mobile Station must be able to discriminate between different Sectors of different
Base Stations.
• Two binary digit sequences called the I and Q Short PN Sequences (or Short PN
Codes) are defined for the purpose of identifying sectors of different base stations.
• These Short PN Sequences can be used in 512 different ways in a CDMA system.
Each one of them constitutes a mathematical code which can be used to identify a
particular sector.
 Long Codes
CDMA Techniques & Technologies

• The long code is a PN sequence with period of 242-1chips

• The functions of a long code:
– Scramble the forward CDMA channel
– Control the insertion of power control bit
– Spread the information on the reverse CDMA
channel to identify the mobile stations
The Long Code is a PN sequence that is 2^42-1 bits (chips) long. It is
generated at a rate of 1.2288 Mbps (or Mcps) giving it a period of
approximately 41.4 days (time before the sequence repeats). The long
code is used to encrypt user information. Both the base station and the
mobile unit have knowledge of this sequence at any given instant in
time based on a specified private ``long code mask'' that is exchanged.
 Long PN Function in Reverse Link

• The CDMA system must be able to identify

each Mobile Station that may attempt to
RV Traffic
from M.S. communicate with a Base Station.
#1837732008
RV Traffic • A very large number of Mobile Stations will be
from M.S.
#1997061104 in the market.
• One binary digit sequence called the Long PN
Sequence (or Long PN Code) is defined for the
purpose of uniquely identifying each possible
reverse code channel.
• This sequence is extremely long and can be
System Access RV Traffic
from M.S. used in trillions of different ways. Each one of
Attempt by M.S.
#2000071301 #1994011508 them constitutes a mathematical code which
(on access channel #1) can be used to identify a particular user (and is
then called a User Long Code) or a particular
“user Reverse Traffic channel”.
 Variable Rate Vocoder
A-to-D
C V
O “Codebook”
O
N Instruction
64 Kbps 64 Kbps C
V 8Kbps
MSC O
E D
R E
T R
E
R

• Speech coding algorithms (digital compression) are necessary to increase cellular

system capacity.
• Coding must also ensure reasonable fidelity, that is, a maximum level of quality as
perceived by the user.
• Coding can be performed in a variety of ways (for example, waveform, time or
frequency domain).
• Vocoders transmit parameters which control reproduction of voice instead of the
explicit, point-by-point waveform description.
 Variable Rate Vocoding

• CDMA uses a superior Variable Rate Vocoder

– Full rate during speech
– Low rates in speech pauses
– Increased capacity
– More natural sound
• Voice, signaling, and user secondary data may be mixed in CDMA frames

DSP QCELP VOCODER

20ms Sample

Pitch
Filter

Codebook

Coded Result Feed-

back
Formant
Filter
 Variable Rate Vocoding

bits Rate Set 1 Frame Sizes bits Rate Set 2 Frame Sizes

192 Full Rate Frame 288 Full Rate Frame

96 1/2 Rate Frame 144 1/2 Rate Frame

48 1/4 Rt. 72 1/4 Rt.

24 1/8 36 1/8

Rate set1（8KQCELP & EVRC): Rate set2（13KQCELP ):

Full rate：9.6Kbps Full rate ：14.4Kbps
Half rate：4.8Kbps Half rate ：7.2Kbps
1/4 rate：2.4Kbps 1/4 rate ：3.6Kbps
1/8 rate:1.2Kbps 1/8 rate :1.8Kbps
 Channels and Types
Physical Channels:
 Physical channels are described in terms of a wideband RF channel and code
sequence.
 Each RF channel is 1.2288 MHz wide.
 For each RF channel, there are 64 Walsh sequences (W0 through W63) commonly
referred to as CDMA code channels.
Logical Channels:
 The channel that carry specific types of information are known as logical channels.
 Logical channels in CDMA are divided into two categories: Traffic Channels and
Control Channels.
 It is important to note that signals on the forward link are identified by Walsh
codes, however, signals on the reverse link are identified by Long Codes.

− For the forward link : 3 Control/Signaling channels and 1 Traffic

Channel (per user).
− For the Reverse Link : 1 Signaling Channel and 1 Traffic Channel per
user.
•

26
 Channels and Types (Contd.…)
• Logical Channels:
• Forward Link Logical Channels:
 The Pilot Channel
 Sync Channel
 Paging Channels
 Traffic Channels

• Reverse Link logical Channels

 Access Channels and
 Traffic Channels.

27
 Walsh Code Assignments to Channels
• Forward Link and Walsh Code Assignment:

28
 Logical Channels - Forward Link
Pilot Channel:
 Pilot channel serves as beacon for the sector.
 Always transmitted on Walsh code 0.
 Transmitted constantly by the base station
 The Pilot channel provide mobile handset initial system
synchronization and timing of forward Channel.
 MS gets the frequency and phase tracking of signals from the cell site.
 Pilot channel is just the PN short code with specific offset with no
baseband information as all 64 bits are 0.
 Pilot Channel provides a means for signal strength comparisons
between base stations.

29
 Logical Channels - Forward Link
Synchronization Channel:
 Sync channel carries system timing and system configuration
information.
 Always transmitted on Walsh Code 32.
 Sync channel provides cell site identification, pilot transmit power and
the pilot pseudo-random (PN) phase offset information.
 Sync channel incorporates in 80 ms super frame structure; each super
frame contains 96 bits , yielding a data rate of (96 bits/80 ms) = 1,200
bps.
 Each superframe contains 3 sync channel frames of equal length and
duration of 26.667ms .
 This means that they align with the timing on the Pilot channel.

30
 Logical Channels - Forward Link
Paging Channel:
 The paging channel is used to send control information.
 Two rates are supported: 9600 and 4800 bps
 The Paging Channel uses Walsh Code1
 There may be one to seven paging channels per sector each mobile only
monitors one paging channel
 Successful accesses of Paging Channel are normally followed by an
assignment to a dedicated traffic channel.
 The basic paging frame is 20 msec.
 4 frames are grouped to form a slots. A slot is 80 msec.
 Slots are grouped into cycles. A cycle consists of 2048 slots (cycle duration
163.84 s) .

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 Logical Channels - Forward Link
Forward Traffic Channel:

 Forward traffic channel carries the actual phone call and

carries the voice and mobile power control information
from the base station to the mobile unit.
 Assigned dynamically, in response to MS accesses, to
specific MS
 Always carries data in 20 ms frames.
 Carry variable rate traffic frames, either 9600, 4800, 2400
or 1200 bps
 The 800 bps reverse link power control sub-channel is
carried on the traffic channel

32
 Logical Channels - Reverse Link
Access Channel:

 Access Channel is used by MS to initiate a call or to respond to a “page”.

 Registration is done on Access Channel.
 Access Channel is used in reverse link and has a fixed rate 4800 bps.
 Each Access Channel is associated with only one Paging Channel.
 Up to 32 Access channels (0-31) are supported per Paging Channel
 Access Channels are identified by a distinct “Access Channel Long PN Code”.

4800 bps

33
 Logical Channels - Reverse Link
Reverse Traffic Channel:
 Reverse traffic Channel is Used when a call is in progress to send:
• Voice traffic from the subscriber
• Response to commands/queries from the base station
• Requests to the base station
 Each Traffic Channel is identified by long PN code which is unique.

 Apart from the traffic i.e. speech data, signaling information are
also sent in Reverse Traffic Channel.

 Supports variable data rate operation for:

• 8 Kbps Vocoder: Rate Set1 - 9600, 4800, 2400 and 1200 bps

• 13 Kbps Vocoder: Rate Set 2 - 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps.

34
 CDMA MS Call Processing

35
 CDMA MS Call Processing (Contd.)
• When a mobile unit is powered on, it first performs CDMA
Carrier Selection and can be in one of the following states.
 In the system initialization state, acquires the pilot channel
and the sync channel, obtains the system time and system
configuration.

 In the system idle state, acquires the paging channel and

constantly monitors it for system parameters and
messages or orders from the base station.

 In the system access state, gains access to an access

channel in order to communicate with the base station for
respond to a page message, register, authenticate, or
originate a call.

 In Traffic Channel State, speech communication is done

on forward and reverse Traffic Channels.

36
Call Flow - Originated Call
Call Flow - Originated Call
Call Flow - Terminated Call
Call Flow - Terminated Call
 Handoff and Types
• Handoff
 Handoff is transfer of services of a mobile station from one
cell of base station to another.

 Handoffs are initiated and terminated as a result of the

pilot signal strength as measured by the mobile unit in
terms of Ec/Io.

 Handoff Can be Classified as

− Idle Handoff
− Traffic handoff

41
 Handoff and Types
• Idle Handoff
 The act of transferring reception of the Paging Channel
from one base station to another, when the mobile station
is in the Mobile Station Idle state.

 Idle handoff occurs in following condition

− Deterioration in reception level
− Another pilot is stronger by a certain level.

42
 Handoff and Types
• Traffic Handoff
 The act of transferring speech services from one base
station to another, when the mobile station is in the Traffic
channel state (i.e. call is going on).

 Traffic Handoff can be further subdivided into

− Soft Hand-off
− Softer Hand-off
− Hard Hand-off

43
 Handoff and Types
• Soft Handoff

 The mobile communicates with multiple BS's during the

hand-off.
 The different BS's links act as diversity reception
 CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset
 Handset continuously checks available pilots
 Handset tells system pilots it currently sees
 Handset assigns its fingers accordingly

44
 Handoff and Types
• Softer Handoff
 Hand-off between two sectors in same cell
 The mobile communicates with two sectors during the
hand-off
 Signal combining is done at the chip level using rake
receiver

Hard Handoff
 Hand-off to a BS controller that does not support soft
hand-off.
− CDMA to CDMA on different frequencies
− CDMA to CDMA on different bands
− CDMA to analog (AMPS)

45
 Power Control
 Reverse Power Control
o Open loop power control
o Closed loop power control
 Inner loop power control: 800 Hz
 Outer loop power control

 Forward power control

o Message transmission mode:
 threshold transmission
 periodic transmission
o Closed loop Power Control
 Why Power Control?
Power control is essential to the smooth operation of a CDMA
system. Because all users share the same RF band through
the use of PN codes, each user looks like random noise to
other users. The power of each individual user, therefore, must
be carefully controlled so that no one user is unnecessarily
interfering with others who are sharing the same band.

Power control is required to over come Near Far Effect and to

maximize capacity. Power control is where the transmit power
from each user is controlled such that the received power of
each user at the base station is equal to one other.
 Near-Far Effect

48
Summary Of All Power Control Mechanism
 CDMA2000 1X Network Structure
Introduction

MS: Mobile Station BTS: Base Transceiver Station

BSC: Base Station Controller
HLR :Home Location Register
PCF: Packet data Control Function
HA: Home Agent
SCP: Service Control Point
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
VLR: Visitor Location Register
PDSN: Packet Data Service Node
FA: Foreign Agent
Radius: Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service
 CDMA Interfaces
CDMA Core Network

MC/VM Mobile Customer Service Center

PSTN/ISDN
Other MSCs IS-41
SS7 SS7
IS-41

SDH SS7
Other PLMNs
BSC MSC/SSP/VLR GMSC/SSP
IOS4.0 TCP/IP

IS95---- BTS IS-41

CDMA2000 OMC IS-41
INTERNET
MS SCP

IS-41
BTS
HLR/AC STP

MSC: Mobile-service Switching Center BSC: Base Station Controller

MC: Short Message Center HLR: Home Location Register
BTS: Base Transceiver Station VM: Voice Mailbox
VLR: Visitor Location Register OMC: Operation & Maintenance Center
AC: Authentication Center SCP: Service Control Point
 Network Interface
CDMA Core Network

BSSAP
MSC/VLR GMSC
SCCP
MTP
Physical
PSTN
layer
A1/A2
HLR/ AuC

BSS SS7 SCP

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Thank you