structural dynamic

Dr.Ebtihaj Abu elgasim

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 Syllabus
1. vibrations and dynamic response of
simple structure under time dependent
load
2. Dynamic analysis of single degrees of
freedom system
3. Dynamic analysis of muliple degrees of
freedom
4. support motion system
5. Response spectra
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 References
• Dynamics of Structures, Ray W . Clough and
Joseph Penzien.
• Dynamics of Structures Theory and
Applications to Earthquake Engineering, Anil K
Chopra.
• Basic Structural Dynamic by E. Jordw
• Engineering Dynamic by S.A.V Swan San

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Introduction
The term dynamic may be defined simply as time
varying; thus a dynamic load is any load of which
its magnitude, direction, and/or position varies
with time. Similarly, the structural response to a
dynamic load,
i.e., the resulting stresses and deflections, is also
time-varying, or dynamic.
Two basically different approaches are available for
evaluating structural response to dynamic loads:
deterministic and nondeterministic.

Deterministic analysis:

If the time variation of loading is fully known, even though

it may be highly oscillatory or irregular in character, it will
be referred to herein as a prescribed dynamic loading; and
the analysis of the response of any specified structural
system to a prescribed dynamic loading is defined as a
deterministic analysis.

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• Nondeterministic analysis

if the time variation is not completely known but can be

defined in a statistical sense, the loading is termed a
random dynamic loading; and its corresponding analysis
of response is defined as a nondeterministic analysis.

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 Newton Laws:

A. First low. A particle (body) remains in its state of

rest or of uniform rectilinear motion. Unless
compelled by force to change that state.
B. Second Low. The accelera tion of a given element
is proportional to the force, applied to it and acts in
the direction of that force.
C. Third Low. To every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction

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TYPES OF PRESCRIBED LOADINGS

Two basic categories:

categories, periodic and non periodic. Some typical forms

of prescribed loadings and examples of situations in which
such loadings might be developed are shown in Fig. 1
a periodic loading exhibits the same time variation
successively for a large number of cycles.

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Nonperiodic loadings may be either short-duration
impulsive loadings or long duration general forms of loads.
A blast or explosion is a typical source of impulsive load;
for such shortduration loads, special simplified forms of
analysis may be employed. On the other hand, a general,
long-duration loading such as might result from an
earthquake can be treated only by completely general
dynamic analysis procedures
Characteristics and sources of typical dynamic loadings:
(a) simple harmonic; (b) complex; (c) impulsive; (d) long-duration.
 A structural dynamic problem differs from its static -
loading in two important respects:

(1) the time varying nature of the dynamic problem.

Because both loading and response vary with time
(2) The effect f Inertial forces
which resist accelerations of the structure in this way are the
most important distinguishing characteristic of a structural
dynamics problem.
 DEFINITIONS
Periodic Motion:
The motion which repeats after a regular interval of time is
called periodic motion.

Frequency:
The number of cycles completed in a unit time is called
frequency. Its unit is cycles per second (cps) or Hertz (Hz).

Time Period:
Time taken to complete one cycle is called periodic time.
It is represented in seconds/cycle.
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Amplitude :
The maximum displacement of a vibrating system or body
from the mean equilibrium position is called amplitude.

Free Vibrations:
When a system is disturbed, it starts vibrating and keeps on
vibrating thereafter without the action of external force.
Such vibrations are called free vibrations

Natural Frequency :
When a system executes free vibrations which are
undamped, the frequency of such a system is called natural
frequency.

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Forced Vibrations
The vibrations of the system under the influence of an
external force are called forced vibrations. The frequency of
forced vibrations is equal to the forcing frequency.

Resonance
When frequency of the exciting force is equal to the natural
frequency of the system it is called resonance.

Degree of Freedom
The degree of freedom of a vibrating body or system implies
the number of independent coordinates which are required to
define the motion of the body or system at given instant.

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SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS

COMPONENTS OF THE BASIC DYNAMIC SYSTEM

The essential physical properties of any linearly elastic

structural or mechanical system subjected to an external
forces or dynamic loading are:
 Mass m
 Energyloss is represented by the damper c
 elastic properties (flexibility or stiffness) k
 The external dynamic loading producing the response of
this system is the time varying force p(t) 15
 Fig (1) Idealized SDOF system

The equation of motion is given by:

Where:

the inertial force

the spring force
the damping force
 d'Alembert's principle:

the inertial force is the product of the mass and acceleration

the damping force is the product of the damping constant c

and the velocity

the elastic force is the product of the spring stiffness and the
displacement

the equation of motion for this SDOF system is found to be

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 FREE VIBRATION WITHOUT DAMPING

Undamped means There is no damping considered in the systems the

equation became

Assume solutions
y = Acosωt
ý = - Aωsinωt
ÿ = - A ω²cosωt
Substitute back
m*(- Aω²cosωt) + k(Acosωt) = 0
Acosωt(-ω²m+ k) = 0
Acosωt ≠ 0 because y= Acosωt
k -ω²m = 0 or ω =
ω is circular natural frequency 18
If = Acosωt is a solution that means y= Bsinωt is solution too
Also y= Acosωt+ Bsinωt is a solution
at t = 0 constant (A,B) referred to initial condition (y(t) = 0) &
(ý(t) = 0)
And this called initial value problem
y= Acosωt+ Bsinωt
ý= - Aωsinωt + Bcosωt
ÿ= - A ω²cosωt - Bω²sinωt
at t = 0 y. = A ý.= Bω B= ý./ω

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