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 The term “Single Cell Protein”

refers to the total protein


extracted from the pure cultures
of microorganisms (e.g. yeast,
algae, filamentous fungi,
bacteria) and can be used as a
protein-rich food supplements by
humans and animals.

 Also known as ”Microbial


Protein”
 SCP are dried cells of micro organisms which can be used as
dietary protein supplement.
 They are used as animal feed & can be used for human feed as
protein supplement.
 Also called ‘Novel Food’ & ‘Minifood’.
 Used to named as Microbial Proteins.
 1966: M.I.T Professor Carroll L.Wilson renamed
it as “Single Cell Proteins”
 Transportation of food was common in the past
but with the increase in population, energy crisis
has encounter the world.
 So there should an alternate food/protein source
to overcome this energy crisis.
 In 60s’, idea that the dried cells of micro-
organisms can become an ultimate part to solve
this problem. Thus gained research interest
among the scientists & industries (specifically oil
industry).
 In 20th Century, the SCP
technology for the production of
protein-rich contents from the
microbes on the large scale was
established.

 1950s: Food-from-oil.

 1960s: British Petroleum


Industry developed technique
named as “Protein-from-oil
Process” using yeast fed on
waxy paraffin, a product of oil
refineries.
 Production of SCP involves following steps:
1. Selection of Strain of microbe and Substrate
2. Fermentation
3. Harvesting
4. Post harvest treatment
5. Processing of SCP
 Very Crucial step.
 Microbe selected shouldn’t
produce toxicity in its biomass.
 It should not be harmful for a
consumer to consume.
 Selected microbe should produce
a large quantity of protein.
 Substrate should be cheap,
effective, allow favorable growth
and ease of isolation.
 Substrate also plays a very important role in
the production of SCP.

 Selection of substrate depends on the


micro-organisms used for the production.

 For ex. Algae are cultivated on sewage


whereas Yeast are cultured on agro-
industrial wastes.
 Micro-organisms that can be used for the
production of SCPs are:
1. Yeast
2. Filamentous Fungi
3. Algae
4. Bacteria
Fungi
 Aspergillus fumigatus
 Aspergillus niger
 Rhizopus cyclopium
Yeast
 Saccharomyces cerevisae
 Candida tropicalis
 Candida utilis
Algae FUNGI YEAST
 Spirulina sps.
 Chlorella pyrenoidosa
 Chondrus crispus
Bacteria
 Pseudomonas fluroescens
 Lactobacillus
 Bacillus megaterium

ALGAE BACTERIA
 In the World War 1st, one of its specie
Candida utilis (Torula yeast) was
produced by Germany and used in soups
and sausages.
 It is also used commercially as seasoning of
food and one of the examples of this is
“Hickory Smoked Dried Torula Yeast”.
 The Baker’s yeast (Sacchromyces
cerevisiae) is used commercially in food
bakeries.
 Suitable substrate e.g. molasses, corn-
steep liquor etc.
 Controlled conditions (temp. 25-26C,
aeration, pH 4-4.4, C-source, S-source,
and N-source).
 Yeast has some advantages among other SCP
sources e.g.
 The biomass can easily be harvested because of
the larger size of yeast as compare too many
bacteria.
 Yeast has long traditional history of its use.
 Biomass produce contain high levels of lysine &
malic acid.
 It can grow at highly acidic pH.
 Whereas, there are some disadvantages too
which includes:
 Yeast has lower growth rate as compare to
bacteria.
 Low overall protein contents (45-65%)
 Cultivated on agro-
industrial wastes such
as molasses, starchy
materials, fruit pulp,
wood pulp, etc.
 Requires a
temperature of 30°-34°
c & pH of 3.5- 4.5.
 Also requires addition
of inorganic acids &
sulphur supplements
in the form of salts.
 Growth requires pH 5-7 and
temperature 35-45C.
 Advantages of bacterial strains
producing SCPs are:
 Rapid growth
 Short generation time of about 2-
20minutes
 Utilization of any kind of raw material
as a C-source
 Bacteria &
fungi can be
grown easily
on a wide
range of
substrates.
 They require
a minimum
temperature
of 15º-34ºc
& a pH of 5-
7.
 In 1973, Actinomycetes & some
other filamentous fungi were found
to produce SCPs.
 Require optimum temp. 25-30C,
pH 5-6 or below, ammonium
salt as N-source.

 Advantages of fungi to be used as


a SCP producer are:

1. Faster growth
2. High protein contents
3. Higher penetration power into
substrate
 Disadvantages include:
1. Some fungi show slower growth
2. Produce mycotoxins
3. Risk of contamination

o Many algae sp. are being used for


mass cultivation e.g. Chorella,
Spirulina etc.
o Advantages are protein-rich,
simple and fast growth.
o Require no CO2 aeration but
require temp.25C & pH 8-10.
 Algae grows
auto-tropically.
 Requires low
intensity of
light.
 Temperature –
35°- 40° C &
pH – 8. 5 -10.5
 Cultivated in
large trenches
of sewage
oxidation
ponds.
 Is done in a large chamber either
of glass or stainless steel called
“Bioreactor”.
 Cultivation should be done under
sterilized conditions.
 Controlled conditions as
necessary e.g. Temperature,
Pressure, pH, Humidity etc.
 Usually fed-batch cultures are
used for the fermentation of
microbes.
 Cultivation yields a lager
number of microbial colonies
produced from single cell.

 These colonies are isolated


from individual cell by the
method of “Decantation”.
 Isolated microbial colonies are
subjected to various differential
techniques.

 E.g. Centrifugation, Washing,


Drying etc.
 Produced protein contain impurities in
it e.g. carbohydrates, nucleic acids,
lipid contents, salts etc
 Pure protein isolation can be done by
disrupting the cell wall through
crushing, crumbling, cycles of
freezing & thawing, grinding &
thermal shocks.
 Nucleic acid can be removed by:
1. By treatment with Nacl 10%
2. By Chemicals e.g. NaoH
3. Thermal shocks
4. Enzymes Treatment e.g.
ribonucleases
 Some of the advantages of SCPs are as followed:

 Microbes have rapid succession of generation thus


number of generation can be obtained in a very
short interval of time(algae 2-6 hrs, yeast 1-
3hrs, bacteria 0.5-2hrs)
 They can easily be modified genetically for varying
the amino acid composition.
 They contain 43-85% of protein contents in their
dry mass.
 Microbes can use a variety of raw materials as
their source of carbon and thus can cause the
removal of pollutants from the environment.
 High yield and good composition SCP
 Can be produced and isolated easily.
 It is beneficial ecologically
 The disadvantages of SCPs are mentioned
below:

 Some microbes are harmful for both humans and


animals and can produce toxins in their biomass
which may cause diseases in humans and
animals.
 Microbial biomass may lead to some allergic
reactions and indigestion.
 The higher nucleic acid contents in SCPs may lead
to human kidney stone.
 Production of SCPs is very expensive method and
requires highly sterilized conditions.
 Taste may change & some unacceptable coloration
may produce.
It includes
1. Liberation of cell proteins by destruction of
indigestible cell wall.
A. MECHANICAL METHODS
 Crushing, crumbling, grinding, pressure
homogenization, etc.
B. CHEMICAL METHODS
 Enzymes & salts are used to digest or disrupt
the cell wall.
 Salts like NaCl, sodium dodecyl sulfate, etc.
whereas nuclease enzymes are used.
C. PHYSICAL METHODS
 Freeze- thaw, osmotic shock, heating &
drying.
2.Reduction of nucleic acid content
 Chemical & enzymatic treatments are
preferred.
 Chemicals which are used includes acidified
alcohol, salts, acids & alkalies.
 Use of such chemicals leads to formation of
lygino-alanine which causes
hypersensitivity skin reactions.
 Enzymes which are used include
ribonuclease & nuclease enzymes .
 These enzymes can be used exogenously or
can be induced endogenously.
Microorganisms Proteins (%age)

Yeast 45-55 %

Bacteria 50-85 %

Filamentous Fungi 30-55 %

Algae 45-65 %
ADVANTAGES DIS ADVANTAGES
FUNGI Easy to grow & harvest Lower growth rates &
lower protein content

ALGAE Easy to grow & harvest & Non –digestible


high quality protein cellulosic cell wall,
concentrate heavy
metals

YEAST Larger in size, lower NA Poor digestibility, low


content , familiarity & protein content, slow
acceptability growth rate

BACTERIA High protein content, High NA content, small


digestible cell wall in size, low density
 Act as a Food source e.g. aroma
carriers, vitamins carriers,
emulsifying acids, in soups, in
ready-to-serve food items etc.
 In technologies e.g. paper
industry, leather processing &
foam stabilizers.
 Used in poultry & animal feed
industry.
 Have medicinal uses.
1. As protein supplemented
food-
 Also source of vitamins,
amino acids, minerals,
crude fibers, etc.
 Supplemented food for
undernourished children.

2. As health food-
 Controls obesity
 Provides instant energy .
 Example- Spirulina- part of
diet of US Olympic team.
3. In therapeutic and natural
medicines-
 Reduce body weight,
cholesterol, stress.
 Lowers blood sugar level
in diabetic(due to presence
of B - linolenic acid)
 Prevents accumulation of
cholesterol in body.
 Healthy eyes and skin
(beta carotene)
 Beta carotene ( anti cancer
substance-UN National
Cancer Research Institute)
 Increase lactation.
4. In cosmetics-
 Important role in
maintaining healthy hair
(vitamin A and B).
 Many herbal beauty
products.
 Biolipstics and herbal face
cream(Phycocyanin).
 Capable of replacing coal tar
dye based cosmetics.

5. Poultry and cattle feed-


 Excellent, convenient source
of protein and other
nutrients.
 Used to feed cattle, fishes
etc.

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