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1
electron Proton Neutron
e p n
charge -1.6 x 10 -19 +1.6x10-19 0
(q)
Relative -1 +1 0
charge
mass(g) 9.1x10-28 1.67X10-24 1.67X10-24
or equal to, 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0017 g
2
Mass of a methane molecule, CH4 =
2.24 x 10-23g
3
In practice, chemist do not
use these actual masses of
atoms and molecules in their
calculations. They use
relative masses instead.
4
3.1 Relative Atomic Mass and Relative
Molecular Mass
• Concept:
We can determine the mass of an atom relative
to a standard atom.
helium Hydrogen as
atom standard
atom
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H H
X
X H H
6
Li H H H
Li H H H H
7
C
C
9
• Standard atom
1. hydrogen
✄ not use any more
2. Oxygen because gasseous form are
difficult to handle
3. carbon-12
• Solid in room temperature (easy to handle)
• Easily available (present in many org. subs.)
• Also used as standard for mass spectrometer
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• Relative atomic mass, Ar
- of an element is the average mass of one
atom of the element when compared with
1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12
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• Relative molecular mass, Mr
- of a molecule is the average mass of the
molecule when compared with 1/12 of the
mass of an atom of carbon-12
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Important!!!!
Relative mass does not
have any unit
13
Numerical problems
A. About Relative Atomic Mass
1. How many times is copper atom heavier than
two helium atom?
Solution:
Mass of a copper atom = Ar of copper
Mass of 2 helium atom 2 x Ar of helium
= 64
2x4
= 8 times
14
2. How many magnesium atom have the same
mass as two silver atoms ?
Solution:
Lets the number of magnesium atoms = n
Mass of n magnesium atoms = mass of 2 silver
atoms
So,
n x Ar of magnesium = 2 x Ar of silver
n x 24 = 2 x 108
n = 2 x 108
24
=9
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Do it Yourself 3.1
1. How many times is one atom of silicon
heavier than one atom of lithium?
2. Calculate the number of atoms of
lithium that have the same mass as
two atoms of nitrogen.
3. The mass of one atom Y is 4 times
larger than the mass of one nitrogen
atom. Calculate the relative atomic
mass of Y.
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Do it Yourself…answer
1. How many times is one atom of silicon heavier than one atom of lithium
Mass of a silicon atom = Ar of silicon
Mass of a lithium atom Ar of lithium
= 28
7
= 4 times
2. Calculate the number of atoms of lithium that have the same mass as two
atoms of nitrogen
Lets the number of lithium atoms = n
Mass of n lithium atoms = mass of 2 nitrogen atoms
So, n x Ar of lithium = 2 x Ar of nitrogen
nx7 = 2 x 14
n = 2 x 14
7
=4
3. The mass of one atom Y is 4 times larger than the mass of one nitrogen atom .
Calculate the relative atomic mass of Y.
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B. About Relative Molecular Mass
• To determine Relative Molecular Mass, Mr
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• Relative formula mass is used to replace Mr for ionic
substances
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Do it Yourself 3.2
1. Calculate the relative molecular mass of
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Do it Yourself 3.2
2. Calculate relative formula mass of
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Do it Yourself 3.2…answer
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Do it Yourself 3.2…answer
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24
12 marbles
2 pairs of penguins
A couple
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1 ream of paper = 500 pieces
5 dozen eggs
= 60 eggs
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24 g of magnesium contain as many as
602000000000000000000000 magnesium atoms
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Example 2:
A closed glass bottle contains 0.5 mol
of oxygen gas, O2.
How many oxygen molecules, O2 are
there in the bottle?
How many oxygen atoms are there in
the bottle?
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Solution:
Number of oxygen molecules = 0.5 x 6.02 x 1023
= 3.01 x 1023
1 oxygen molecule, O2 has 2 oxygen atoms.
Therefore, number of oxygen atoms
= number of oxygen molecules x 2
= 3.01 x 1023 x 2
= 6.02 x 1023
37
Example 3:
Find the number of moles of molecules in a
sample containing 9.03 × 1023 molecules of
carbon dioxide, CO2.
6.02 10 23
= 1.5 mol.
38
Do it Yourself 3.3
1. Calculate the number of atoms in 2 mol
carbon.
2. How many ions are there in 1.5 mol sodium
chloride, NaCl?
3. Calculate the number of moles of bromine
molecules which consists 1.5 X 1022 of
bromine molecules.
4. How many atoms are there in 2 mol of
ammonia, NH3?
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Do it Yourself 3.3…answer
1. Calculate the number of atoms in 2 mol carbon.
2. How many ions are there in 1.5 mol sodium chloride, NaCl?
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Do it Yourself 3.3…answer
3. Calculate the number of moles of bromine molecules which
consists 1.5 × 1022 of bromine molecules.
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3.3 The mole and the mass of
substances
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Example:
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How many magnesium ions are
there in 30g of magnesium oxide,
MgO.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; O,
16. Avogradro constant: 6.02 x 1023)
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Do It Yourself 3.4
1. Calculate the number of moles found in 9.5g of
magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5)
2. Calculate the mass in gram found in 0.3 mol of magnesium
chloride, MgCl2.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5)
3. How many chloride ions are there in 19g of magnesium
chloride, MgCl2.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5. Avogradro
constant: 6.02 x 1023)
4. Calculate the mass in gram of 3 x 1022 units of
magnesium chloride, MgCl2 .
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5. Avogradro
constant: 6.02 x 1023)
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Do It Yourself 3.4…answer
1. Calculate the number of moles found in 9.5g of
magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5)
Solution:
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Do It Yourself 3.4…answer
2. Calculate the mass in gram found in 0.3 mol of
magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5)
Solution:
Number of moles = mass
Relative formula mass
Mass = number of moles x relative formula mass
= 0.3 x (24 + 35.5 x 2)g
= 28.5g
53
Do It Yourself 3.4…answer
3. How many chloride ions are there in 19g of magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5. Avogradro constant: 6.02 x 1023)
Solution:
95 g mol-1
= 0.2 mol
54
Do It Yourself 3.4…answer
4. Calculate the mass in gram of 3 x 1022 units of magnesium chloride,
MgCl2 .
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5. Avogradro constant: 6.02 x 1023)
Solution:
Number of moles = number of particles
NA
Mass = number of particles
Relative formula mass NA
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3.4 The mole and the volume of gas
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3. 1 mole of gas occupies a volume
of 24 dm3 or 24 x 1000 cm3 at
room temperature and pressure of
1 atmosphere.
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2. A fixed volume of any gas always
contains the same number of
molecules.
Example :
100 cm3 of hydrogen gas always
contains the same number of
molecules as 100 cm3 of carbon
dioxide if the temperature and
pressure is the same.
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This is called Avogadro’s Law
which is state that equal volumes of
all gases contains the same number
of molecules under the same
temperature and pressure.
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5. Relationship between moles and
volume of gas:
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Molar Volume and Avogadro’s
Constant
Example :
Relative molecular mass of Cl2 = 2 x 35.5 = 71
1 molar volume of Cl2 will contain 71 g of
chlorine.
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Do it Yourself
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Do it Yourself…answer
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Do it Yourself…answer
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Do it Yourself…answer
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Do it Yourself…answer
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3.5 Chemical Formulae
A chemical formula is a
representation of a chemical substance
using letters for atoms and subscript
numbers to show the numbers of each
type of atoms that are present in the
substance.
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(1) Empirical Formulae
1. The empirical formula of a compound is the
Formula that shows the simplest whole
number ratio of atoms of each element
present in the compound.
2. Steps in determining the empirical formula
of a compound.
find the mass of each element in the compound
convert the masses to the numbers of moles
of atoms
find the simplest ratio of moles of the
elements
73
Example : 2.24 g of iron combines chemically with
0.96g of oxygen to form an oxide. What is the
empirical formula of the oxide ? [ Relative atomic
mass: O, 16; Fe, 56 ]
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Do it Yourself
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Do it Yourself….answer
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Do it Yourself….answer
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Do it Yourself….answer
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(2) Molecular Formulae
1. The molecular formula of a compound
is Formula that shows the actual
number of atoms of each element
present in a molecule of the
compound.
2. The molecular formula of a compound
is a multiple of its empirical formula.
Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n
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3. Relating empirical formula to
molecular formula
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4. Calculation involving molecular formulae.
Example :
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Do it yourself
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Do it yourself…answer
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Do it yourself…answer
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(3) Ionic Formulae
1. Ioniccompounds are compounds
consisting of anions and cations.
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2. The formulae of some common cations:
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3. The formulae of some common anions:
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4. The chemical formulae of ionic compounds
are electrically neutral because the total
of positive charges are equal to the total of
negative charges.
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Do it Yourself
Write a chemical formulae for this ionic
compounds.
1. magnesium bromide
2. aluminium oxide
3. aluminium hydroxide
4. sodium sulphate
90
Do it Yourself…answer
Write a chemical formulae for this ionic
compounds.
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(4) Naming of chemical
compounds
1. Chemical compounds are named
systematically according to the
guidelines given by the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC).
2. For ionic compounds, the name of the
cation comes first, followed by the
name of anion.
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3. Transition metals can form more than one
ions, Roman numerals ( such as I, II, III )
are used to differentiate the ions.
Fe2+ - iron (II) ion
Fe3+ - iron (III) ion
4. For simple molecular compounds, the name
of the first element is maintained. However,
the name of the second element is added
with an “ –ide “.
Examples : HCl – hydrogen chloride
HF - hydrogen flouride
94
5. Greek prefixes are used to show the
number of atoms of each element in a
compound.
Examples :
CO – carbon monoxide
CO2 – carbon dioxide
CCl4 – carbon tetrachloride
SO3 – sulphur trioxide
95
6. Table below shows the meaning of the
prefixes.
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3.6 CHEMICAL EQUATION
A) Qualitative aspect of chemical equation
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Example :
99
B) Writing chemical equation
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Example :
101
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103
Do It Yourself
Write a chemical equation for each of the following
reactions.
1. A solution of silver nitrate is added to a solution of
sodium chloride. A precipitate of silver chloride and a
solution of sodium nitrate are produced.
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Do It Yourself ...answer
105
C) Quantitative aspect of chemical equation
The coefficients in a balanced equation tell us the exact
proportions of reactants and products in a chemical
reaction.
Example :
106
D) Numerical problems involving
chemical equation
Stoichiometry is a study of quantitative
composition of substances involved in
chemical reactions.
We can always make use of the
stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical
equation to solve various numerical
problems.
107
• Generally the steps involved in stoichiometric
calculations are as follows.
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Example :
111
Solution :
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Do It Yourself
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Do It Yourself...answer
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Do It Yourself...answer
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Do It Yourself...answer
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…not finish yet…..please
answer the next Q
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