CELL STRUCTURE

AND CELL
ORGANISATION
CHAPTER 2

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 Cellular components
of animal & plant
cells

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 Cell wall
Plant Cells

Plasma Animals Cells

membrane

Vacuole

Chloroplast
 Vacuole
Nucleolu
Lysosome
s
Mitochondrio
n

Ribosome
s

Centriole

Cytoplasm Vesicles

Smooth
Endoplasmic Nucleus
Reticulum

Rough
Plasma Golgi
Endoplasmic
membrane Reticulum Apparatus
 Cellular components

Organelle
Non-organelles
s
Vacuoles
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum Plasma membrane
Golgi apparatus Cytoplasm
Lysosomes Cell wall (plant cells
only)
Centrioles (animal cell
only)
Chloroplast (plant cell
only)

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Functions
 Nucleolu
s

Nucleus

Has many pores (nuclear pores) in

the nuclear membrane for
Controls all the cell activities materials to enter & exit the
nucleus

Nucleolus is involved in the

Separates the genetic
synthesis of ribosome & ribonucleic
material from cytoplasm
acid (RNA)
 Ribosomes

Are either attached to the

Are small ‘protein factories’
ER or occur freely in the
for protein synthesize
cytoplasm
 Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Synthesizes & Present in large E.g. in gut cells that

transports proteins amounts in cell that manufacture
made by ribosomes makes protein digestive enzymes
 Golgi
Appratus

modifies & combines

Receives proteins the proteins with Transport & stores
from Rough ER, carbohydrates to lipids
form glyco-protein
 Smooth
Endoplasmi
c Reticulum

Present in large
amounts in cells that
Does not have Synthesizes & make lipids &
ribosomes transport lipids steroids
E.g. cell of liver &
testes
Mitochondrion

Produce adenosine
Forms the cell’s triphosphate (ATP),
powerhouse which is the energy
source for the cell
Cytoplasm

provides a medium medium to produce

Supports & protects energy, to manufacture
for all cellular materials & to store
the cell organelles
metabolic reactions minerals
Lysosome

Break down macromolecules such as Transport undigested

proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, material to the cell
polysaccharides as well as worn-out membrane for
organelles removal
Centriole

Involved in cell
Are found only in
division (mitosis &
animals cells
meiosis)
 Plasma
membrane

separates the cell

from its environment
The outer covering of
and allows materials
the cell
to enter and leave
the cell
 Comparing &
contrasting the
structure of animal
and plant cells

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 Animal cells Plant cell

Similarities

Both animal and plant cells have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus,
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes and mitochondria

Differences

Not fixed SHAPE Fixed

Absent CELL WALL Present
Absent CHLOROPLAST Present
If present, are small & VACUOLE Has one or a few large
scattered throughout the vacuole(s) filled with cell sap
cell
Present LYSOSOME Normally absent
Present CENTRIOLE Absent
Carbohydrates are stored in FOOD STRORAGE Carbohydrates are stored in
the form of glycogen the form of starch grains
granules
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The Density of
Certain Organelles in
Relation to Functions
of Specific Cells
What are organelles?

“little organs”

Are tiny structures inside a

cell that perform specific
functions for the cell
20
 What are organelles?

 “3 main functions of organelles:

a. Carry out their specialized functions:
 E.g. Mitochondria; FUNCTION?
b. Acts as containers to separate parts of the cell from
other parts
 E.g. lysosomes
c. Sites for chemical reaction
 E.g. Chloroplast
Relationship between the Density
& Functions of certain Organelles

Density of an organelles :
 total number of that particular organelles
within a cell
 depends on the function of the cell

 to make sure that the cell can perform its specialized functions
well
 Relationship between the
Density & Functions of
certain Organelles

E.g.

 Cell that specialize in producing

enzyme generally have more ER &
ribosomes to _____________&
mitochondria to
_____________________for its activities
The density of mitochondria in
active cells

 Depends on:
a) The activity level of an organism
 The more active an organism is, the higher its average density of
mitochondria

b) The specific function of a particular cell

 Cell of active tissues & organs have higher mitochondria densities
The density of mitochondria in
active cells

Active cells that have high mitochondria densities:

 Sperm cells
 flight muscle cells
 meristemic cells
 liver cells
 kidney cells
The density of Chloroplast
in the Palisade Mesophyll
Cells of Leaves
Palisade mesophyll
of a leaf is :
 the main photosynthesis
tissue
 Packed with chloroplast to
trap sunlight needed to
synthesize sugar during
photosynthesis
 Are arranged in a vertical
position to optimise
sunlight trapping
Type of cells Function Density of certain
organelles
Sperm cells To swim towards either one of the Mitochondria – are sites of
Fallopian tubes to fertilise the ovum cellular respiration in which
energy in the form of ATP is
generated through oxidation of
food substances such as
glucose
Flight muscle cells Contraction and relaxation of Mitochondria
insects and birds muscles provide movement &
locomotion
Cells in the Divided actively to produce new Mitochondria
meristem cells for growth
Palisade mesophyll Carry out photosynthesis Chloroplast – contain chlorophyll
cells which trap light energy for
photosynthesis
Goblet cells in the Secrete mucus Golgi apparatus
respiratory tract
Liver cells Detoxification of drugs Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Pancreatic cells, Produce enzyme Rough endoplasmic reticulum
cells of salivary and golgi apparatus
glands, stomach
cells, cells of
intestine